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Sullabus : - Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom
Data
Characteristic of Data
The following are the properties of data
Date Mining
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom
Data
The word data is the plural from of, the now rarely used term, "Datum" which is derived from the Latin dare meaning "to give" or "Something given".
We may define data as discrete, objective facts or observations, which he unorganized and unprocessed and therefore have no meaning because of lack of context and interpretation. Data could also be seen as: facts, symbols and signal.
UNESCO defines data as 'facts, concepts or instructing in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by human or automatic means'.
In short the term "data" includes facts, figures, letters, Symbols, words, charts or graphs that represent an Idea, object or condition.
Data are defined in McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of science and Technology as 'numerical or qualitative values derived from scientific experiments'.
CODATA → Committee on data for science and technology committee of ICSU.
Characteristic of Data -
i. It is usually static in nature.
ii. It may represent a set of discrete facts abouts an events.
iii. It is a prerequisite for deriving information.
Data
- The word " data" is latin in origin and literally, it means anything that is given. I sum, the term includes facts, figures, letters, symbols, words, charts, and graphs that represents an idea, object or condition.
Websters third, New International Dictionary defines data as "Some thing given or admitted facts or principles granted or presented. That upon which an interference or argument is based or from which an ideal system of any sort is constructed."
According to oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary, Data are "Known facts or things used as a basis for interference or reckoning."
"UNESCO'' defines data as "facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by human or automatic means".
In simple, Data is a unit of fact and a raw material of information. It is derived by observation and experiences.
By nature, data are either quantitative or qualitative. Quentitative data are numerical and qualitative data are descriptive. It is also possible to transform qualitative data into numerical values. Additionally, in science data can also be graphic in nature. The data possesses the following characteristics.
The following are the properties of data :
i. Amenability to use : - Data must be amenable to use. The use may differ with the context.
ii. Clarity : - Data should necessarily display clarity.
iii. Accuracy : - Accuracy is an essential property of data.
iv. Essence : - Data should be compressed and refind. Only the refined data can present the essence of value.
Date Mining
Data mining means the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases. It is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information that can be used to increase revenue, cuts costs or both. It is "the non-trivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown and potentially usefull information from data". Technically, data mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relations databases. Data Mining is also called as data or Knowledge discovery.
Data mining software is one of a number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to analyze data from many different dimensions or angles, categorize it, and summarize the relationships identified. It uses machine learning, statistical and visualization techniques to discovery and present knowledge in a from which is easily comprehensible to humans. Data mining tools predict future trends and behaviours , allowing businesses to make proactive knowledge driven decision. It enhances the value of existing information resources.
Information
Subject Paper
The word information, as is the case with many English words, is derived from the Latin verb "informare" meaning to inform. Information in latin meant concept or idea.
Information is refers to processed data that has some meaning / message capable of affecting or altering the state of a dynamic system capable of interpreting and using the message.
According to Ackoff, Information is essentially found in answers to questions that begin with such words as who, what, where, when, and how many.
According to Random House Dictionary, "information is defined as knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance and Knowledge gained through study, communication, research, instruction etc.
According to Shannon and Weaver (1949) mathematical theory of information, the amount of information in a message is related to the probability ratio of the message. The more it reduces probability, the more information it has, and this theory believes that the prior knowledge of the recipient may reduce the amount of information in a message.
In wikipedia encyclopedia defines the term "Information" as a concept bears a diversity of meanings, from every day usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint communication control, data, from, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception and representation.
Brooker theory : - 1980 often called a knowledge structure, it is a sum of many bits of information,
and when more information is added to the existing knowledge structure, its gets modified. When
information (∆I) is added to the existing knowledge structure (ks) it results in modified Knowledge
K(S+∆S).
This can be represented in the from of equation
K(s) + ∆I = K(S+∆S)
∆I=K(S+∆S)- K(s)
McCreadie and Rice (1999) review concepts of information and the summary of the concepts they consider are given as follows.
• Information as a representation of Knowledge.
• Information as data in the environment.
• Information as part of the communication process.
• Information as resource or commodity.
Weisman (1972) difine information.
Yates-Mercer and Bawden (2002) difine information.
Information
The word "information'' is derived form two latin words ''forma" and ''formatio''. Both the words convey the notion of giving shape to something and of forming a pattern. Information is the
processed data organized and presented by someone. The data becomes information when these are collected, processed, interpreted, presented or communication to some one in an organized or in logical form to facilitate a better comprehension of the concerned issue. Information is the knowledge concerning some particular fact, subject or events in any communicable form. It is a structured collection of data i.e. sets of data, relation between data. It consists of data that have be retrieved. Processed or otherwise used for informative or inference purpose, argument or as a basis for forecasting or decision making. Let us mention some of the definitions of Information.
According to Harrod's Librarian's Glossary and Reference book compiled by Ray Pytherch 7th ed. 1990, information is ''an assemblage of data in a comprehensible from capable of communication ''.
Mikhailov et. al (1966) has cited Brillounin's definition. According to them "information is the raw material and consists of a mere collection of data"
Hayes (1969) defines information as "result of data. usually formalized in processing"
Davis (1974) has defined information, as data that has been processed into a from that is meaningful to the recipient and is of real perceived value in current or prospective decision''.
Stevens (1986) has defined information as "the factual data, ideas and other knowledge emanating from any segment of society that are identified as being of value some times gathered on a regular basis, organized in some fashion, transmitted to others and used in some meaningful fashion.
According to S.C. Blumenthal in "Management Information System" (1969) "information is data, recorded, classified. organized, related or interpreted within context to convey meaning"
According to A. J. Evans et. al. information is a "sensible statement opinion, fact, concept or idea, or an association of statement, opinions. or ideas. It is closely associated with knowledge in that one information has been assimilated, correlated and understood it becomes knowledge.
Knowledge
Subject Paper
The word "Knowledge" means an assured belief or that which is known. It is the information read, heard, or seen and understood. It is an organized set of statements of facts or ideas - presenting a reasoned judgments or an experimental result which is transmitted to others through some communication medium in some systematic form. When information is stored in mind, it constitutes knowledge, particularly when relationships are established between items of information.
The Webster's New International Dictionary of English Language defines knowledge as, "practical
skill, technical acquisition". It has also been defined by Webster as "Acquaintance with fact, the
state of being aware of something or of possessing information, hence scope of information".
When man knows the entities (things or concepts) knowledge is established. As man knew more
and more about entities knowledge grew : In order that knowledge already gathered is not lost
from the scope of posterity it must exist in recorded and stored format. Due to the comparatively larger age of human, living of three generations in a family within society, ability to reason and analyse and ability to transfer the accumulated knowledge to its posterity increase his her stock of knowledge.
Knowledge is the ability of an actor to respond to a body of facts and principles accumulated over
a period of time. The quality of knowledge depends on the properties of the agent knowledge can be terms of the following.
i. Knowledge is the structure or organization of information including the relationship among
items of information.
ii. Knowledge is created and modified by new information.
iii. When information is applied by people it becomes knowledge.
iv. Knowledge is universally regarded as a much wider concept than information, both in the everyday world and within the specialty theory and practice.
Further knowledge is individual to each person and does not depend upon humans to exist, when
it exists apart from information it can only be useful if it becomes a commodity or a resource.
Knowledge can only reside in an organic brain. As soon as it is objectified outside of a biological
organism it becomes disembodied information, capable of entering production similar to a manufactured product or commodity. Some of the characteristics of knowledge are
i. It is dynamic, ever growing and continuing.
ii. It is contained in the subject realm.
iii. It is structured, coherent and often of enduring significance.
iv. It is a stock, largely resulting from the flow, inputs of information.
v. It is the basis for action.
The international Society for knowledge organization (ISKO) founded in 1989, founded in Germany,
and since 2020 is incorporated in Toronto, Canada.
Wisdom
Subject Paper
Wisdom is the distilled and integrated knowledge and understanding. It is the most precious human capital in all development processes.
Cleveland, Ohio Association for System Management, 1979 has treated raw data from "birth" into evaluated from as information, through maturity as Knowledge, to "death" and inclusion in the knowledge base, It may be noted in passing that in common social process, data, information and knowledge are regarded as mutually sustaining elements at times distinctly, different, on occasions overlapping, and interchangeable. Both data and information have intrinsic properties. While information is shareable, knowledge is individual to each person. Again, information depends upon humans to exist but knowledge does not depend upon only humans to exist.
Information is the aggregation and assemblage of data in a comprehensible form recorded on
paper or in some other medium and is capable of communication. Knowledge is the potential for action on information. The information, knowledge and wisdom in their totality constitute valuable
human intellectual assets.
Notes
Question
1. Information is made up of ______
A. paper print B. number
C. symbolic elements D. microform
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2. Knowledge is which form of information?
A. Unorganized B. Organized
C. Raw D. Statistical
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3. Information or knowledge that is packed
in documents can be broadly grouped
under how many categories?
A. four B. two
C. five D. three
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4. Which is the real process to gain knowledge from information?
A. Information, data, knowledge B. Information, knowledge, data
C. Data, information, knowledge D. Data, knowledge, information
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5. What is knowledge in character and size?
A. Stable and dimensional B. Stable and multidimensional
C. Dynamic and dimensional D. Dynamic and multidimensional
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6. In which country was the word information first used?
A. USA B. France
C. UK D. Italy
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7. The information is treated as
A. power B. resource
C. product D. all the above
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8. What is most important thing for research and development programmes of
a country now a days?
A. Subject B. Document
C. Books D. Information
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9. Information is
A. raw data B. organized data
C. input data D. unorganised data
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10. In modern time, all the activities of the
human are centered on
A. self B. information
C. business D. computer
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11. Information may be categorized into following three parts
A. logical, analytical and statistical B. analytical, statistical and systematic
C. systematic, analytical and descriptive D. statistical, descriptive and analytical
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12. Which of the following is not the attribute
of information?
A. It has no colour and no physical form B. It is dynamic, but not still
C. It can be explained D. It cannot be evaluated
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13. The data which have been processed into a
form that is meaningful to the recipient
is known as
A. data B. information
C. knowledge D. intelligence
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14. Who amongst the following tried to differentiate between information and knowledge in context to information theory?
A. Shannon B. Weaver
C. Brookes D. Yovits
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15. What has made the development more
speedy than ever before?
A. Information B. Knowledge
C. Books and Periodicals D. The person himself
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16. Which theory of information is concerned
with the flow of information?
A. Shanon theory B. Stochastic theory
C. Mathematical theory D. Brooks theory
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17. Today information is regarded as
A. wealth B. commodity
C. product D. all the above
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18. The backwardness of any country with
respect to socio-economic spheres is
mainly due to lack of
A. adequate information
B. adequate information specially in Science & Technology
C. adequate information in engineering
D. adequate information in all disciplines
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19. Entropy is a measure of
A. Degree of relevance of information B. Quantity of irrelevant information
C. Degree of uncertainty in information D. Degree of certainty in information
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20. Who gave the question D1
(S) ® (S + DS)
for information theory?
A. Shannon B. Yovits
C. Weaver D. Brookes
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21. How Stochastic equation of information
is solved?
A. by statistical rules B. by dynamic rules
C. by statistical and dynamic rules D. none of the above
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22. Who enunciated Semantic theory of information?
A. Shanon B. Weaver
C. Fairthorne D. Fayol
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23. Who suggested that information is data
of value for decision making?
A. Shannon and Weaver B. Whittemore and Yovits
C. Brookes and Weaver D. Yovits and Shannon
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24. The high growth of information is known
as
A. information growth B. exponential information
C. information explosion D. information implosion
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25. Who expressed knowledge in a simple
mathematical equation k(s) + D1 = k (s +
Ds) ?
A. Fritz Machlup B. B.C. Brooks
C. N.J. Belkin D. C.E. Shannon
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26. Where the information is collected?
A. In books B. In periodicals
C. In mass media D. In conventional and non-conventional documents
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27. How information policy can be defined?
A. It is an arrangement to correct Information
B. It is an arrangement to manage information
C. It is an arrangement of managing, directing, and developing the information
D. None of these
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28. Match the following:
List A List B
1. Data a. Years
2. Information b. Cotton
3. Knowledge c. Cloth
d. Seed
A. 1-b, 2-a, 3-c
B. 1-c, 2-b, 3-d
C. 1-d, 2-c, 3-d
D. 1-a, 2-d, 3-b
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29.Data may be converted into information
by
A. observation B. experiment
C. analysing D. collection
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30. Who coined the term ‘informatics’?
A. Mikhailov B. Chernyi
C. Gilyarevaskii D. All the above
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31. Who defines that, “information is knowledge communicated concerning some particular fact, subject or event”.
A. D. Bell B. Oxford English Dictionary
C. S. C. Blumenthal D. None of the above
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32. Which is not a near synonym term to information?
A. Ideas B. Data
C. Catalogue D. Facts
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33. According to Machlup the difference between information and knowledge is
A. Information increases with use,
whereas knowledge is constant.
B. Information is stimulatory, whereas
knowledge is practical.
C. Information is shareable, whereas
knowledge is one’s property.
D. Information is piecemeal, fragmented, particular, whereas knowledge is structured, coherent and universal.
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34. Match the following
List - 1 List - 2
I. Observation (Senses) a. Knowledge
II. Organization
(Logical Relation) b. Data / Ideas
III. Learning and Assimilation c. Wisdom
IV. Judgement Correlation (application of content) d. Information
Codes :
A. I-d, II-a, III - c, IV-b
B. I-c, II-b, III - d, IV-a
C. I-a, II-c, III - b, IV-d
D. I-b, II- d, III-a, IV-c
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35. Match the following
List-I List-II
a. A packaged carrier of information & knowledge i. Book
b. A recorded message, irrespective of physical form or content ii. Information
c. Organised information irrespective of physical form. iii. Knowledge
iv. User
Codes :
(a) (b) (c)
A. (i) (ii) (iii)
B. (iv) (iii) (i)
C. (i) (ii) (iv)
D. (ii) (iii) (i)
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36. Which is the correct logical sequence
of the following
A. Information, knowledge, data, wisdom
B. Knowledge, Information, wisdom,
data
C. Data, knowledge, information, wisdom
D. Data, information, knowledge, wisdom
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37.
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