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Information Life Cycle
Introduction
           Information Creation / Generations
           Information Production and Dissemination
           Information Storage, Organization, Retrieval and Communication
                         Storage
                         Organization
                         Retrieval
                         Communication
           Information Diffusion and Utilization
          Information Preservation and Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                       

                        Information Life Cycle                     

The change in the value of the information over a period of time is called the information life cycle.

Introduction                                                                                          


Cycle means a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order. Transfer of information
from its generation to its end-user becomes possible through many processes. These processes are also regularly repeated in the same order. These processes complete a cycle, which is called Information Transfer cycle (ITC). The ITC comprises generation, collection, storage, communication and retrieval.

A. Information Creation / Generations


Information in created with the happening of incidents and activities of humans. If an activity or an incident does not happen, no information is created. Information is mostly created by research and development. programs, government activities, surveys and census of population, business and industrial organization etc. and presented in format by author scientist, researcher, editor, writer, poets, novelists, dramatists etc. over the web, information is produced by the general people irrespective of their background and is not restricted only to academics such as scholars, scientists etc.

B. Information Production and Dissemination


It is the mass production of Knowledge through publishing companies or others that will help the mass distribution of knowledge in some physical or electronic form previously the information had been disseminated in the form of a book. Many conventional and nonconventional, printed and non-printed sources of information are nowadays available which are different in shape, size, type and format. Over the web, the production is accelerated by posting the information globally at a rapid rate instead of taking month or years to get published on paper.

C. Information Storage, Organization, Retrieval and Communication


  i. Storage   


Storage is the process by which the information described and presented in the documents
are stored, information is collected and stored by libraries, documentation centres, information analysis centers, data banks, data centres, etc. Computers have been accepted as a boon for storing information. It can store a huge amount of information in the form of database. Besides, the computer, disks and CD-ROMs are the newly developed and very significant tools of storing information.

  ii. Organization  


Organization is how that representation of knowledge is found among others of
its kind in the library environment, the classification and catalogue, shelf list, various kinds of guides, etc. facilitate the retrieval function. All these tools are equipped with controlled vocabulary. In the computer environment, organization is facilitated by databases, search engines, etc. knowledge is individual and the users determine its usefulness; so keyword and natural language searching in computer environment is more attractive.

  iii. Retrieval   


Retrieval is a process of getting information from the collection of a library, for providing answer to the queries of the users etc.

  iv. Communication  


Communication in the process of transmission of information from one place to another, from the creator of information to its users. It is necessary for the best use of the same. It is the process of social exchange. In the library environment, communication of information can be made through telephone, CAS services, SDI services, teleconferencing, e-mail, etc. Sometimes the publisher also brings different kinds of information sources to the notice of the user community.

D. Information Diffusion and Utilization


Diffusion is viewed as a more targeted flow of information to a particular segment of society. The
diffusion of information should find its way to people who actually need it instead of targeting the
people who will use it for their own benefit. Utilization is the adoption and implementation of the
knowledge by the user. Information is needed by each and everly person of modern society for some purpose or the other. When information is consumed by one person it gives a new dimension to his knowledge. This knowledge when applied to some other purposes it gives birth to new information. Thus the information cycle is a continum in nature.

E. Information Preservation and Destruction


The different kinds of libraries, archives are trying to preserve information in different formats. Over the web, the internet archive and the cached page of search, engines are serving some purpose in this
regard. The information that is less frequently accessed or has met its assigned retention periods may be considered for relocation to an archive. Then from the archive, it needs to be weeded at some time or other by means of the appropriate procedure for the content.

The meaning of the information cycle relates to that unit of knowledge from where the information
is generated and them transmitted to the users with the state of various processes. The whole process of information from its creation to its use is called the information cycle.

Creation > Production > Designation > Storage > Organization > Retrieval > Communication >
Diffusion > Utilization > Preservation > Destruction.










                                                                     Notes                                                                









                                                                     Question                                                           

1. What is the essential aspect of information service? 
A. Retrieval of information                         B. Storage of information 
C. Collection of information                      D. Communication of information
Ans: 

2. Who is the propounder of the term information transfer? 
A. Ranganathan              B. J. Martin 
C. Beesman                    D. Calvin Moores
Ans: 

3. What is called the circle of information from creator to users of the information? 
A. Cycle                            B. Information cycle 
C. Exchange cycle           D. Information transfer cycle
Ans: 

4. A period predominantly centered on information activities is known as 
A. information span                     B. information age 
C. information explosion            D. information period
Ans: 

5. What is the meaning of transfer of information? 
A. Extension of information               B. Communication of information 
C. Dissemination of information      D. Communication of information for the need of the users
Ans: 

6. What are the processes involved in the Information Transfer cycle? 
A. Generation and collection          B. Storage and dissemination 
C. Retrieval and the use                 D. All the above
Ans: 

7. What are those activities which are mainly undertaken with the specific objective of creating or generating information? 
A. Governmental activities                               B. Surveys and censuses 
C. Research and development activities          D. Other activities
Ans: 

8. What is called that process by which the information described and presented in the documents are stored?
A. Storage of information                         B. Collection of information 
C. Dissemination of information              D. Retrieval of information 
Ans: 

9. Why R&D organisations in all the subjects are established specifically? 
A. For development of the country          B. For creating information 
C. For storing information                      D. For dissemination of information
Ans: 

10. Information is generated by which of the following processes? 
A. By human activities undertaken by individuals or by organisations 
B. By events that happen or take place 
C. By incidents that happen or take place 
D. By all the above
Ans: 

11. Information is not produced by which of the following? 
A. Research and development              B. Surveys and censuses 
C. School and libraries                        D. Government activities
Ans: 

12. What are the methods of dissemination of information? 
A. Subject bibliographies and documentation lists          B. Current Awareness service and SDI 
C. Abstracting and Indexing services                              D. Translation service and all of the above
Ans: 

13. What does the term retrieval of information mean? 
A Getting again information from the collection            B. Getting again the information 
C. Storing the information again in the collection          D. Information is disseminated
Ans: 

14. What is that process by which a new idea/ invention is disseminated to the members of social structure? 
A. Information handling                      B. Information transfer 
C. Information communication           D. Information dissemination
Ans: 

15. What is communication of information? 
A. Process of transmitting the information          B. Process of disseminating of information 
C. Process of retrieval of information                 D. Process of scanning of information
Ans: 

16. Now a days we all of us are facing an other problem alongwith information explosion, what is that problem? 
A. Information age                     B. Information society 
C. Information pollution           D. Information growth
Ans: 

17. The term Information Service is an improvised name of 
A. administration                   B. documentation 
C. bibliography                     D. active reference service
Ans: 

18. Who coined the term information retrieval? 
A. S. R. Ranganathan                         B. Faradane 
C. Calvin Moors                                D. Lancaster
Ans: 

19. Who said that information is product and process both? 
A. S. C. Bradford                    B. J. Martin 
C. Ranganathan                     D. Foskett
Ans: 

20. Persons working as classifiers, cataloguers, reference officers, indexers, abstractors etc. involved in creating tools for information storage and retrieval are know as information
A. processors            B. disseminators 
C. recorders             D. retrievers
Ans: 

21. Information is generated by activities 
A. Surveys & Censuses                     B. Research & Development 
C. Activities of Government             D. All of the above
Ans: 

22. Match the following:
                 List A                                                                 List B
           Organisation                                           Type of information generated 
1. National Physical Laboratory                          a. Statistical and descriptive 
2. Meteorological dept.                                       b. Journals and Research Reports 
3. State and Central Govt. department                c. Statistical information tables etc. 
                                                                             d. Social Science reports
A. 1-a, 2-b, 3-d 
B. 1-b, 2-c, 3-a 
C. 1-c, 2-d, 3-b 
D. 1-d, 2-a, 3-c
Ans: 

23. Growth of information beyond a manageable limit is 
A. exponential growth              B. decline growth 
C. increased growth                  D. explosion of information
Ans: 

24. In recent decades demand for information has considerably increased due to 
A. social changes and reorganisation                 B. technological innovation 
C. growth in education and research                  D. on account of all above
Ans: 

25.  Redundancy of information is 
A. Unnecessary and should be eliminated        B. Unnecessary but cannot be avoided 
C. Necessary and some times useful                 D. Necessary and always desirable
Ans: 

26. Assertion (A): Information is the product of different human activities and events. 
Reason (R): Activities may be done by an individual or may be by government organisations. 
Codes: 
A. Both (A) and (R) are true 
B. Both (A) and (R) are false 
C. (A) is false, but (R) is true 
D. (A) is true, but (R) is false
Ans; 

27. In the information transfer cycles, internet is acting as 
i. Primary Publisher 
ii. Secondary Publisher 
iii. Tertiary Publisher 
iv. Primary Distributor 
Codes : 
A. (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct 
B. (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct 
C. (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct 
D. (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Ans: 

28. Assertion (A): Library & Information centres are knowledge/management centres. 
Reason (R): Libraries handle tacit knowledge. 
Codes : 
A. Both (A) and (R) are true 
B. (A) is partially true, but (R) is false 
C. (A) is false, but (R) is true 
D. Both (A) and (R) are false
Ans: 

29. The stages in the product life cycle curve are 
A. Introduction, Growth, Maturity, Decline 
B. Introduction, Growth, Maturity, Profit 
C. Growth, Maturity, Profit, Decline 
D. Introduction, Growth, Maturity, Saturation
Ans:

30. Who said that Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves or we know where we can find information about it? 
A. S.R. Ranganathan               B. W.C. Berwick Sayers 
C. Samuel Johnson                  D. H.E. Bliss
Ans: 

31. The method for reducing the physical size of a block of information is called 
A. Information Reduction           B. Data Compression 
C. Data Retrieval                         D. Information Size
Ans: 

32. Assertion (A ): Information is a resource whose generation consumes time and money. 
Reason (R): Information is a resource where we consume time and money. 
Codes : 
A. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the right explanation of (A) 
B. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the right explanation of (A) 
C. (A) is true but (R) is false 
D. (A) is false but (R) is true
Ans: 

33. Assertion (A): Internet is an important tool for the dissemination of information. 
Reason (R ): Large number of open sources are available 
Codes : 
A. (A) is True but (R) is False 
B. (A) is False but (R) is True 
C. Both (A) and (R) are True 
D. Both (A) and (R) are False
Ans: 

34. Assertion (A): Document transfer and information transfer are not the same. 
Reason (R): Assimilation of the content of the document by the user constitutes information transfer.
Codes : 
A. (A) is true and (R) is false 
B. (R) is true but (A) is false 
C. Both (A) and (R) are true 
D. Both (A) and (R) are false
Ans: 

35.