Teaching Appitude 4

 Method of teaching in Institutions of higher learning : Teaching centred VS Learner centred methods; off-line VS online methods ( Swayam, Swayam prabha, MOOCs etc. )

'If a child can't tearn the way we teach, we should teach the way they learn' - Ignacio Estrada

Onec the instructional objective are stated, the next step is to select on appropriate instructional method to achieve them.The teacher has a various methods at his disposal to select from. These methods are as follows.

As per NTA-NET syllabus, we have the following two extreme set of methods for institutes of higher learning :

                                                              Teaching Method

A. Teaching Centred Mothod                 B. Learner Centred Method                 C. Mixed Method

1. Lecture                                                a. Assignments                                     i. Group   Discussion

2. Team Teaching                                    b. Case Study                                       ii. Seminar

3. T.V. or Video                                       c. Programmed                                     iii. Panel Discussion

    Presentation                                              Instruction                                      iv. Brainstorming

                                                                 d. Heuristic Method

 Teacher Centred Method                                                                                                    

This method are more traditional or conventional approach to teaching. This method teacher presenting information to the students, who are expected to passively receive the knowledge being presented. Here teacher main role play and student are passive role play. Like - Lecture Method, Team Teaching, T.V. or video presentation etc.

1. Lecture Method

Lecture method is the most conventional and dominating teaching method and is perferred by many teachers. In this method a teacher attampts to explain facts participant or relationship to help learners understand. Here this teacher is an active participant the student are assumed to be passive listeners. Usually the students do not converse with the teacher during lecture by the teacher. That way, it is one way communication. The teacher talks more or less continuously to the class. The class listens, writes and notes facts and the ideas for remembering and to think them over later. It can be made a two way communication, if the teacher allows students to ask few questions to clarify a point but no discussion is usually held. Teacher active and student passive the method.

Basic Features

It is formal and narrative in nature.

It presents a series of event or facts.

It explores problem.

Advantages

1. It is economical and a single teacher can teach a large number of students at a time which is not possible by using other methods. It saves much time and the syllabus can be very easily covered within a limited time.

2. It simplifies the task of the teacher.

3. It is useful for imparting factual information and drawing attention to its important.

4. During Lecture, interruptions and distractions are usually avoided.

Limitations / Disadvantages

1. It provides very little apportunity for student activity, the teacher takes special care to make the class interesting.

2. It usually does not provide opportunities to learners to solve problems.

3. It offers limited opportunities for checking learning progress, whether the students are attending and understanding all that the teacher is explaining.

4. The interests, abilities and intelligence of students are not taken care of.

5. It does not allow individual pace of tearning.

6. Make appropriate use for illustration and exples.

7. provide short breaks during the lecture period for asking thought provoking, stimulating and problem solving questions. Leave time at the end for clarifications and questions.

Suggestions to make lecture method more effective :

1. The teacher should avoid the tendency to read from lecture notes word by word.

2. The teacher should maintain eye to eye contact with the students so as to seek their continuous attention.

2. Team Teaching Method

Also known as collaborative or co-teaching method. It is an innovative approach in teaching groups of large size in which two or more teachers are involved in planning , executing and evaluating the learning experience for a group of student.

Advantages

1. Sharing the best faculty by more students.

2. Optimum use of multiple teaching devices

3. Improvement of teaching quality.

Limitations / Disadvantages

3. T.V. or Video Presentation

Video or television presentation is an improved presentation of radio or audio presentation and it can virtualy bring the whole world inside the classroom. Screen in of video presentation is followed by a discussion or task.

Advantages

1. Many experts and important personality are brought to the classroom through video presentstion.

2. Specifically usefull for adult learners.

 3. illustrated lecture and demonstrations can be supplemented by other teaching instructional facilities. Such as slides, models specimens etc.

4. Easily accessible for learners in remole areas.

5. Specifically useful for subjects, such as astronomy, geography etc.

Limitations / Disadvantages

1. Finding teacers to guide the learners effectively is a difficult task.

2. More teachers are required for this method.

3. Not, useful for teaching all subjects.

4. Requires much time for planning and scheduling.

 Learner Centred  Methods                                                                                                   

this method  more of a coach or facilitator while students embrace a more active and collaborative role in their own learning. Like - Assignments, Case study, Programmed Instruction, Heuristic Method etc.

a. Assignments

Assignments are given to students for a various reasons, such as for surveying, application of knowledge, solving numberical problem and acquiring additional information. Teacher also plays an important role even though the learner have the main role for collecting relevant information the teacher has to guide the students.

b. Case Study

The case studies calls for a major change in their approach to learning. A case is usually a description of an actual situation, commonly involving a decision, a challenga, an opportunity, a problem or an issue faced by a person or persons in a social set up such as an orgabization. In learning with case studies, the students must deal with situations described in the case. It helps in bringing real-world problems into a classroom, case studies ensure active participation and lead to innovative solutions to the problems.

c. Programmed Instruction

Programmed Instruction is based on logical sequence of self-paced, learning steps with feedback between each step. It is a general term for a highly structured system of learning. In this the learner gets immediate feedback after each step. Programmed instruction is a method of presenting new subject matters to students in a graded sequence of controlled steps. Students work through the programmed material by themselves at their own speed and after each step test their comprehension by answering an examination question or filling in a diagram.

d. Heuristic Method

This method was supported by professor Armstrong. Under this method, the student has to find out the answer to his/her own problem by unaided-efforts. By by developing a spirit of inquiry the child becomes a discover of knowledge. The main objective of teaching by this method is to teach how knowledge of these can be obtained rather than providing facts about science, mathematics, grammer etc. Heuristic word derived from a Greek word means ' To Discover '.

Mixed Method                                                                                                                      

i. Group Discussion

This may be counted under small as large group teaching methods. It is one of the oldest methods used by greek scholors and scholars from Nalanda University. A discussion method of teaching is a democratic method used of develop better understanding among students, for supplementing a lecture, in connection with an observation visit or case presentation and for sharing information.

In this method of considering various facts about the topic under consideration, understanding to these facts by studying their relationships and drawing out conclusions of the facts and their relationships and drawing out conclusion of the facts and their relationship are studies. It stimulates students thinking process to analyse and integrate facts and help in developing their abilities in presentation of their ideas and facts clearly and fluently

ii. Seminar

It is a form of group discussion where one trainee or serveral, prepare a paper on a given topic, issue or problem, which is then presented to the whole group for discussion and analysis. A number of seminars can be presented by the trainees around a major topic, so that they form a linked series of discussion. The main stages in seminar is preparation of paper, presentation of paper and discussion on it. Seminars can be bigger ones also.Conference started few day and a week but seminar started one or two hours.

iii. Panel Discussion

A panel comprises of a small group of six to eight people. They carry on a informal and guided discussion before an viewers. For example, a panel discussion on climate change issue. The leader must, take special care to select the panel members who can speak and think constructively. The ideal length for a panel discussion is 45 minutes to one hours.

iv. Brainstorming

Brainstorming is a creative work in which the group members construct a large nimber of ideas spontaneously on a given problem or topic for evaluation. Under this method, anyone can exchange remarks with anyone except that the participants are not allowed to criticize the ideas at the time when views are being invited. Some times quantity of ideas is more important than quality . Spontancity is the hall-mark of Brainstorming. Serveral rounds of braintorming happen till all the ideas are consumed or exhausted. Participants are then asked to list the best one after evaluating all the ideas. Mind mapping is a uses images in the mind. Synectics is a problem solving approach.

 Off-line Method of Teaching                                                                                              

Online Method of Teaching