My ContentProgramming Language Machine language Assembly Language High level languageCompiled Programming Language Ada - Jean Ichbiah
ALGOL
C - Dennis Ritchie
C++
C#
CLEO
COBOL
Cobra
Fortran
Java
SMALL
Small Talk
Turing
Visual BasicInterpreted Programming Language APL Auto It
BASIC
Eiffel
Forth
Frink
Game Maker Language
ICI
J
Lisp
Pascal
PCASTL
Pert
Post Script
Python
REXX
SpinObject Oriented Programming Language Agora BETA Cecil Lava Lisaa MOO Object - Z obliq OxygenProcedural Programming Languages Bliss Chuck CLIST Hyper Talk Modula - 2 Oberon Component Pascal MATLABHigh Level LanguageTypes of High level languageAdvantageDisadvantageScripting Origins of Scripting Characteristics of Scripting language Web ScriptingDifferent Between Programming and Scripting LanguageWeb LanguageFunctional Programming Language Charity Clean Curry Erlang F# Haskell QMarkup Language Curl SGML HTML XML XMTMLLogic-based Programming Language ALF Fril Poplog Prolog ROOP ABCL Number System Binary Number System Octal Number System Decimal Number System Hexa-decimal Number SystemCharacter Codes
ALGOL
C - Dennis Ritchie
C++
C#
CLEO
COBOL
Cobra
Fortran
Java
SMALL
Small Talk
Turing
Visual Basic
BASIC
Eiffel
Forth
Frink
Game Maker Language
ICI
J
Lisp
Pascal
PCASTL
Pert
Post Script
Python
REXX
Spin
Programming Languages
Object oriented, Procedural, High level, Scripting, Web language.
You are aware with the team language. It is a system of communication between you and me. Some of the basic natural languge that we are familiar with are English, Hindi, oriya etc. There are the language used to communicate among various categories of persons. But how you will communicate with your computer. Your computer will not understand any of these natural language for transfer of data and instruction. So there are programming languages specially developed so that you could pass your data and instructions to the computer to do specific job. You must have heard names like FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL etc. There are two ways to do this :
i. Compile the program
ii. Interpret the program
Programming Language
There are three main kinds of programming language.
A. Machine language
B. Assemble language
C. High level language
A. Machine language
Machine language is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. It does not needs any translator program. We also call it machine code and it is written as strings of 1 (one) and o (zero). When this sequence of code is fed to the computer, it recognizes the codes and converts it in to electrical signals needed to run. it. Its the language of machines consisting of bits put together into chucks like bytes, a group of 8 bits, and lots of other larger. sizes.
B. Assembly Language
Assembly language is a little easier than machine language, but not much! It uses more convenient numbers, symbols, and abbreviations to describe the huge strings of 1 and 0, to make it both easier and more memorable to type in instruction. • The computer knows that certain strings of numbers are commands. so assembly language lets you use english like string instead of numbers to refer to those. • Plus, with assembly language you have access to all kinds of resources to organise your programming code. • Then you tell a program called an assembly to assemble your instructions, which just means they get turned into 1s and 0s for you.
• The third type of language are the high · level languages. These languages use English like statements and symbols and are independent of the type of computer you are using.
• You can even put in lots of English labels and comments to help remember what the instructions are doing.
• This makes your programs much easier to read and modify. There are far more high level languages than any other type of computer language, each one tailored for a certain kind of use.
• Compiler high level language to low level language.
Compiled Programming Language
Content of Compiled Programming Language
i. Ada - Jean Ichbiah
ii. ALGOL
iii. C - Dennis Ritchie
iv. C++
v. C#
vi. CLEO
vii. COBOL
viii. Cobra
ix. Fortran
x. Java
xi. SMALL
xii. Small Talk
xiii. Turing
xiv. Visual Basic
A compiled is a programming language whose implementations are typically compilers (translators that generate machine code from source code) and not interpreters (step by step executors of source code, where no pre runtime translation takes place)
i. Ada : It is a statically typed, structured, imperative programming language that is based on pascal. A team of cll Honey well Bull that was led by Jean Ichbiah developed Ada. The Ada compilers are validated for mission critical systems. Ada is an internationally standardized computer programming language.
ii. ALGOL : Algorithmic language, as it is called, is actually family of imperative programming language that was developed in the middle 1950. It proved instrumental in the creation of programming languages like BCPL, B and C. Ole Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian computing center in oslo were the brains behind simula.
iii. C : Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories developed C to be used on the unix platform. It is a general purpose, cross-platform, procedural, imperative programming language. It is used for implementing system software. and application software and is one of the most-used computer programming languages of today. The development of C++ and C# was influenced by C.
iv. C++ : It consists of a combination of high-level and low level language features and is hence considered as a middle level programming language Bjarne stroustrup of Bell Labs developed C++ as an extension of the C language. Originally known as "C with classes". It came to be known as C++ from 1983. It is a multi-paradigm language that supports procedural programming, generic programming, object oriented programming and data abstraction.
v. C# : C sharp is a multi-paradigm programming language that supports imperative, generic and object-oriented programming. It is a part of the Microsoft. NET framework. It is similar to C++ in its object-oriented syntax and is also influenced by Jave and Delphi.
vi. CLEO : It is known as the clear language for expressing orders and is a computer language for the LEO computer.
vii. COBOL : The name stands for common Business Oriented Language that is designed for the business and finance domain. COBOL 2002 standard supports object-oriented programming. It is one of the very old programming language that are still in use.
viii. Cobra : It is an object oriented programming language that runs on NET and Mono frameworks. Chuck Esterbrook developed it. Its design is influenced by languages like python and C#. It supports static and dynamic typing and is suited for unit tests. Today it is an open source project.
ix. Fortran : It is a procedural, imperative, general purpose computor programming language that works well for scientific computations and numeric operations. After IBM developed it in the 1950, it soon gained popularity in programming. It is very popular in the field of high performance computing. It is a structured and compiled programming language that is a subset of fortran 95. Fortran supports object oriented programming.
x. Java : It is a general purpose computer programming language that is concurrent class-based, object-oriented and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. compiled jave code can run on all platform that support java without the need for recompilation. It is a very popular language of the modern times.
xi. SMALL : The name stands for small Machine Algol-like language. It provides the programmers with abilities to write an ALGOL, like code that can be run on small machines.
xii. Small talk : It is a reflective, object-oriented programming language that supports dynamic typing. Alan Kay, Adde Goldberg, Dan Ingalls, scott wallace, Ted Kachler and their associates at xerox PARC developed small talk. They designed it for educational use and it soon became popular. Visual works is a prominent implementation of smalltalk. Squeak is a programming language that is in the form of an implementation of smalltalk scratch is a visual programming language based on squeak.
xiii. Turing : It was developed by Ric Holt and james cordy of the University of Toronto, canada, in 1982. It was named in honor of the British computer scientist, Alan Turing. This pascal-like language is a freeware since 2007.
xiv. Visual Basic : It is an event driven programming language that is packaged with an integrated development environment. It inherits many of its features from BASIC. It's graphical development features make it easy for beginners to learn VB.
Interpreted Programming Language
Content of interpreted programming language
i. APL
ii. Auto It
iii. BASIC
iv. Eiffel
v. Forth
vi. Frink
vii. Game Maker Language
viii. ICI
ix. J
x. Lisp
xi. Pascal
xii. PCASTL
xiii. Pert
xiv. Post Script
xv. Python
xvi. REXX
xvii. Spin
An interpreted language is a programming language for which most of its implementations execute instructions directly, without previously compiling a program into machine language instruction. The interpreter executes the program directly translating each statement into a sequence of one or more subroutines already compiled into machine code.
i. APL : Named after the book a programming language (iverson, kenneth E, 1962), APL is an array programming language. It can work simultaneously on multiple arrays of data. It is interpretive, interactive and a functional programming language.
ii. Auto It : It is a free ware automation language for Microsoft Windows. It's main intent is to create automation scripts that can be used for the execution of certain repetitive tasks on windows.
iii. BASIC : Developed by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth in 1964, it is an acronym for Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was designed with the intent of giving the non-science people an access to computers.
iv. Eiffel : It is an object-oriented programming language that is ISO-standardized and used to develop extensible and reusable software. It is a development platform for many industries such as finance, aerospace and video gaming.
v. Forth : It is a structured imperative programming language, which bases its implementation on stacks. It supports an interactive execution of commands as well as the compilation of sequences of commands.
vi. Frink : Developed by Alan Eliasen and named after professor John Frink, a popular fictional character. It is based on the Java Virtual Machine and focuses on science and engineering. It's striking feature is that it tracks the units of measure through all the calculations that enables quantities to contain their units of measurement
vii. Game Maker Language : It is an interpreted computer programming language intended to be used in cooperation with Game Maker, an application for game creation. Mark overmars, a dutch computer scientist designed this language.
viii. ICI : Designed by Tim Long in 1992, ICI is a general purpose interpreted computer programming language. It supports dynamic typing, flexible data types and other language constructs similar to C.
ix. J : Ken Iverson and Roger Hui developed this programming language that requires only the basic ASCll character set. It is an array programming language that works well with mathematical and statistical operations.
x. Lisp : Lisp is the second-oldest high level programming language in widespread use today. The name lisp is derived from 'list Processing language'. One of the important data structures that lisp supports is linked list. lisp programs deal with source code as a data structure.
xi. Pascal : It is a procedural programming language that was intended to use data structuring and structured programming. Nicklaus Wirth, a swiss computer scientist designed this language and it was named after Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher.
xii. PCASTL : An acronym for by Parent and Childest Accessible Syntax Tree Language, it is a high level language developed by Philippe Choquette and falls under the class of interpreted computer programming language. It is specially designed for self modifying code.
xiii. Pert : Pert is a high level interpreted programming language that supporto dynamic programming. It was developed by Larry Wall, a linguist who served as a systems administrator at MASA. It provides the programmers with text processing facilities and has a blend of features adopted from various language like C, lisp, and Awk.
xiv. Post Script : It is used in the desktop publishing field and is known as a page description language. It is a dynamically typed stack-based programming language developed by John Warnock, an American computer scientist and Charles Geschke, a notable science. These developers went on to found the very well known company, Adobe systems.
xv. Python : It is a high level programming language that supports imperative, object oriented and functional programming paradigms. In its features like the dynamic type system and automatic memory management, it is similar to perl. Originally released in 1991 by Guido van Rossum, a Dutch computer. programming, python is an open community based language whose development is managed by the python software foundation.
xvi. REXX : Short for re-structured extended executor, REXX is an interpreted language developed by IBM. It was designed with an intent to be an easily learnable and readable language. Net Rexx is the IBM's implementation of REXX that offers object-oriented programming. Object REXX is an object-oriented scripting language that is based on REXX.
xvii. Spin : It is a multitasking object oriented programming language whose compiler converts the spin code into byte codes. Multiple spin code threads can run at a time, thus enabling multitasking. Spin was developed by Chip Gracey of Parallax.
Object Oriented Programming Language
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of object. Which may contain data in the form of fields, often known as attributes and Gode, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. In OOP. Computer programs are designed by making them out of object that interact with one another.
i. Agora : It is a prototype-based object oriented programming language that features message passing mechanisms.
ii. BETA : It is an object-oriented programming language where in classes and procedures revolve around the same concept and classes are defined as attributes of objects. It has strong abstraction mechanisms. BETA also supports nested classes.
iii. Cecil : This object-oriented language was created by craig chambers at the university of washington. It is similar to objective C and Modular 3
iv. Lava : Lava is a visual object-oriented interpreter-based programming language.
v. Lisaa : It was the first compiled object-oriented programming language that was based on prototype concepts. It also supports system programming.
vi. MOO : It is a dynamically typed prototype based programming language that supports object oriented programming. It supports exception handling mechanisms and looping constructs.
vii. Object - Z : It was developed at the university of Queensland, Australia. It extends the Z programming language by adding object-oriented features to it.
viii. obliq : It is an interpreted computer programming language that offers object oriented programming features. It supports untyped variables and was designed for distributed and multi threaded computations.
ix. Oxygen : Based on object pascal oxygen is an object-oriented programming language with a rich feature set, previously, it was known as 'chrome'.
Procedural Programming Languages
Procedural (imperative) programming implies specifying the steps that the programs should take to reach to an intended state. A procedure is a group of statements that can be references through a procedure call. procedures help in the reuse of code. Procedures programming makes the programs structured and easily traceable for program flow.
i. Bliss : It is a system programming language and was one of the best known language of this type till C come up. W. A. Wolf, D.B. Russell and A. N. Habermann of the carnegie Mellon University developed Bliss. It includes exception handling mechanisms. coroutines and macros while it excludes the goto statement.
ii. Chuck : It is a concurrent and strongly timed audio programming language that runs on Mac OS X, Linux as well as Microsoft Windows. It is especially known for the ability it gives to the programmers to do some modificationis even in the running programs.
iii. CLIST: It is a procedural programming language in the form of a bet of commands that need to be executed in a sequence like that of a batch file.
iv. Hyper Talk : It is a high-level programming language that was intended to be used by programmers at the beginner's level. The programmers of this computer language were known as authors and the act of writing programs was called scripting. Hyper talk was designed by Dan Winker in 1987. Structurally, is resembles pascal.
v. Modula - 2 : It is a general purpose procedural language created in 1978 by Niklaus wirth at ETH. It is similar to pascal and has systems programming and multiprogramming features.
vi. Oberon : Niklaus wirth, the man behind pascal and modula came up with oberon in 1986. It was designed as a part of the oberon operating system. It is similar to modula - 2 but smaller than it.
vii. Component Pascal : It is a programming language that seems to be related to pascal. but is actually incompatible with it. Its is actually a variant of oberon - 2 language is an experimental programming language that supports component-oriented programming a paradigm of decomposing a system into logical or functional components. Michael Franz, a student of Niklaus wirth developed language. Seneca, better known as oberon - 2 is an extension of the oberon programming language.
viii. MATLAB : It is a numerical computing environment and a programming language that enables matrix computations, function plotting, and algorithm implementation. It can also be used for user interface creation mathworks created MATLAB.
High Level Language
High level language gives the format close to english language and the purpose of developing high level language is to enable peoples to write programs easily and in their own native language environment.
High level language are basically symbolic language that use english words and/or mathematical symbolic rather than mnemonic codes. Each instruction of high level language are translated into machine level language by the help of translator.
Types of High level language
i. Algebraic formula type processing - Algo, Basic, Fortran, PLAI, APL.
ii. Business data processing - Cobol, RPG,
iii. String and list processing
iv. Structured programming language
v. Object oriented programing language
vi. Visual Basic
Advantage
i. A high level language has to be user friendly.
ii. Similar to english vocabulary and symbols
iii. It is easy to learn
iv. It requires less time to write.
v. Easy to maintain.
vi. Portable.
Disadvantage
i. A high level language has be translated to machine level language by the help of translator that will take some time.
ii. Slow
Scripting
A scripting language or script language is a programming language that support scripts. Programs written for a special run-time environment that can interpret
• A High level programming language that is interpreted by another program at runtime rather than competed by the computers processor as other programming language (such as C and C++) are.
• Scripting languages, which can be embedded within HTML commonly are used to add functionality to a web page, such as different menu styles or graphic displays or to serve dynamic advertisements.
• These types of languages are client side scripting languages, affecting the data that the end user sees in a browser window.
• Other scripting languages are server side scripting languages that manipulate the data, usually in a database on the server.
• JavaScript, ASP, JSP, PHP, Perl, Tel and python are examples of scripting language.
Origins of Scripting
• The word 'script' in a computing context In 1970s, the originators of the UNIX operating system the term 'shell script' (sequence of commands).
• An Apple Macintosh Hypercard application one of the early hypertext systems. The associated HyperTalk language allowed the user to define sequences of actions to be associated with mouse clicks or movements and these were call scripts.
• Initially a script as a sequence of commands to control an application or a device.
Characteristics of Scripting language
• Integrated compile and run
• Low overheads and ease of use.
• Enhanced functionality.
• Efficiency is not an issue.
Web Scripting
Web scripting divides into three area :
i. Processing forms
ii. Creating pages with enhanced visual effects and user interaction
iii. Generating pages 'on the fly' from material held in a database.
Different Between Programming and Scripting Language
Programming Language Scripting Language
1. Programming language are use to create a 1. Scripting languages are used to create a web stand alone application or we can say that application. installable application.
2. Programming language uses compiler to 2. Scripting language uses interpreter to convert convert high level language into machine high level language into machine language. language (Binary code 0,1)
3. For e.g. - C, C++, Java, Python. 3. For e.g. - JavaScript, PHP, Python etc.
Web Language
Web language is the computer language which is used to create and manipulate web pages and the work done by them i.e. Its Functionalities.
Types of web languages.
i. Designing language : Designing language is used to design the layout and client side interface of a web page, For ex. HTML, CSS ect.
ii. Development Language This language is use to develop the functionalities of a web page on server side and also it works as a medium between user and database, for example PHP etc.
iii. Database language This language is use to create, manage and manipulate user data and other database of the websites, example like MySQL, Oracle etc.
Functional Programming Language
Functional programming language define every computation as a mathematical evaluation. They focus on the application of functions. Many of the functional programoning languages are bound to mathematical calculation.
i. Charity : It is a purely functional, not turing complete language, which means that all its programs are guaranteed to terminate. Charity was designed at the university of calgary, a public university in canada.
ii. Clean : It is a purely functional programming language that supports portability across platfroms, automic garbage collection multiple data structures and referential transparency, which means that a function with a given input will always give the some output.
iii. Curry : It is a functional logic programming language that implements function and logic programming as well as constraint programming, where in the relationships between variables are stated in the form of constraints.
iv. Erlang : It is a concurrent programming language that includes a sequential subset, which supports functional programming. Ericsson developed Erlang as a distributed soft real-time and fault-tolerant language and released it as an open source computer programming langage in 1998. It is one of the most popularly used functional programming languages.
v. F# : It targets the NET framework and supports both functional as well as imperative object-oriented programming. Don syme at the Microsoft Research developed this language, which is now being developed at the Microsoft Developer Division. F sharp, as it is called, will soon be integrated into the NET framework and visual studio.
vi. Haskell : Named in honor of Haskell Courry a logician, Haskell is a standardized purely functional language. It supports pattern matching, definable operators, sigle assignment, algebraic data types and recursive functions
vii. Q : It is called Q for being an equational programming language. It is an interpreted functional language that was designed by Albert Graf at the University of Mainz in Germany. It can be described as a set of equations used to evaluate expressions.
Markup Language
A markup language is an artificial language that uses annotations to text that define how the text is to be displayed.
i. Curl : It is a reflective object-oriented programming language. It is a markup language similar to HTML. Curl is an object oriented programming language supporting multiple inheritance.
ii. SGML : Standardized general Markup language (SGML) has descended from IBM's generalized Markup language. It is an ISO standard metalanguage that can define markup languages for documents. It was designed with the intent of sharing machine-readable documents of large projects that had to be retained for long years.
iii. HTML : Hypertext Markup language, abbreviated as HTML, is the most prominent markup language that is used for web pages. It is writen in the form of HTML tags that are surrounded by angular brackets. HTML tags describe the appearance embedded into certain other code to affect the web browser behavior, HTML uses the SGML default syntax.
iv. XML : The name stands for extensible Markup Language. It is extensible because it allowed the users to define their own XML elements. It supports the sharing of structured data over the Internet and the encoding and serializing of data. It originated as a subset of SGML. XPath is the XML path language that is used to select nodes from an XML document. It supports the computation of values. X Qvery is use to query the collections of XML data. Extensible stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) is an XML based language that is used for the transformation of XML documents. into human-readable formats. A pache ant is a tool for the automation of software build processes. It uses XML to describe the build processes.
v. XMTML: It is a markup language that its similar to HTML and follows the XML systax. It is midway between XTML and XML. XHTML documents allow automated processing of data.
Logic-based Programming Language
Logic programming is a type of programming paradigm which is largely based on formal logic. Any program written in a logic programming language is a set of sentences in logical form, expressing facts and rules about some problem domain.
i. ALF : Algebraic Logic Functional Programming Language is a multiparadigm programming language that is a combination of functional programming and logic programming. ALF program statements are compited into instructions of an abstract machine. An emulator written in C executes the programs of the abstract machine.
ii. Fril : Fril language was designed by Trevor Martin and Jim Baldwin at the University of Bristol in the 1980s. It is for first order predicate calculus. It supports fuzzy sets and metaprogramming and is based on the prolog syntax.
iii. Poplog : It is a powerful multi paradigm software development environment whose come language is pop - II. All the language of this development environment share a common language editors and are incrementally compiled programming language.
iv. Prolog. : It is a general purpose programming language that supports logic programming and is other linked with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. The language is declarative and the program logic is expressed in the form of relations. Mercury is a functional logic programming language that is based on prolog. Strawberry prolog is a dialect of prolog, which is supports to be easy to use. Visual prolog is a strongly typed extension of prolog that supports objects oriented programming. It its a compiled logic-based programming language.
v. ROOP : It is a multi paradigm language that is built on C++. It is intended to be used with artificial intelligence systems. It's features offer a blend of procedural, logic based and object-oriented programming.
vi. ABCL : It is actually a family of Actor Based concurrent languages, which was developed in Japan during the 1980 and the 1990. ABCL/1, ABCL/R and ABCL/R2 are some members of the ABCL family.
Number System
The data representation of computer consists alphabets, numerals and special symbols. Here are discuss about the numerals. In our daily life we use decimal system, where as computer use only binary system. But there are four types of numbers system.
• Basically Number System is divided in to four types.
i. Binary Number System :
It is base (radix) of 2 and it has only two digits i.e. 0 and 1. The value of the numbers is represented as power of 2 i.e. the radix of the system. 22 Decimal Number Decimal To Binary Number 10110 binary Number Binary To Decimal Number
ii. Octal Number System :
It is base of 8 and it has only eight digits i.e. 0.1,2 3,4,5,6 and 7. The value of the number is represented as power of 8 i.e. the radix of the system.
iii. Decimal Number System :
It is base of 10 and it has only ten digitis i.e. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9. The value of the numbers is represented as power of 10 i.e. the radix of the system.
iv. Hexa-decimal Number System :
It is base of 16 and it has only sixteen digits i.e. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A(10), B(11), C(12), D(13), E(14) and F(15), The value of the number is represented as power of 16 i.e. the rodix of the system.
Character Codes
Representation of alphanumeric character in bits o and 1 is done by character codes. There are three widely used character codes :
• Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) :
BCD uses 6 bits and can represent 26 = 64 character. The first three bits are used as zone bits and the last three bits indicate the digit.
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) :
ASCII uses 8 bits and can represent 28 = 256 characters for all practical purposes an 8 bit code is used 8 th bit is added for parity. characters are assigned decimal values.
• Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) :
It is an 8 bit code. It can represent 28=256 character. It is two groups of 4 digits. Each group represents a hexadecimal number, used as shortcut notation for bimary numbers.
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