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Development and Environment Millennium Development and Sustainable Development Goals
Millennium Development 2015
Sustainable Development Goals. ( 2016 )

                                                                                                                                                                       

Development and Environment Millennium            Development and Sustainable Development Goals 


Millennium Development 2015                                                           

                                                                                                                                Time Frame 2000-2015

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the eight international development goals for the year 2015. All 191 united Nations member states at that time and at least 22 international organizations, Committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015.

1) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

3) To achieve universal primary education.

3) To Promote gender equality and empower woman.

4) To reduce child mortality.

5) To improve maternal health.

6) To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.

7) To ensure environmental sustainability.

8) To develop a global, Partnership for development.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) replaced the MDGs in 2016.







Sustainable Development Goals. ( 2016 )                                            

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (or the Global Goals for sustainable Development, the 17 Goals, the Global Goals or simply the Goals) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the united Nations General Assembly in 2015 for the year, 2030. The SDGs are part of Resolution 70/1 of the united Nations General Assembly: "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". That has been Shortened to "2030 Agenda".

1. No Poverty - End poverty in all its forms every where.

2. Zero hunger - End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.

3. Good health and well - being for people ensure healthy livers and promote well being for all at all ages.

4. Quality education - Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

5. Gender equality - Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

6. Clean water and sanitation - availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

7. Affordable and clean energy - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

8. Decent work and economic growth promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth full and productive employment and decent work for all.

9. Industry, Innovation and infrastructure build repiliant infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.

10. Reducing inequalities - Reduce inequality within and among countries.

11. Sustainable cities and communities - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

12. Responsible Consumption and Production -  Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

13. Climate actions - Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (noting agreements made by the UNFCCC forum)

14. Life below water - Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.

15. Life on land - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

16. Peace, Justice and strong institutions - Promote peacefull and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

17. Partnerships for the goals - Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.





















Notes : 



















Question : 

1. The term ecosystem was coined by 
a. Arthur Tansley                        c. Arrhenius Svante 
b. Al Gore                                   d. Mobius
Ans: 

2. Who first used and defined Ecology in 1866? 
a. H. Reiter                                   b. Haeckel 
c. Charles Elton                            d. Odum
Ans: 

3. In the study of man-environment interaction, the statement of Miss Semple that 'the humans are slowly the product of their environment' is [December 2004] 
a. An opinion                         b. A prejudice 
c. A fact                                 d. A widely accepted phenomenon
Ans: 

4. A habitat is 
a. An area inhabited by a community. 
b. A small part of ecosystem. 
c. A particular area inhabited by plants and animals. 
d. The number of different organisms living in a specific area.
Ans: 

5. Biome is a natural community of 
a. Plants in a geographical area.                                     b. Animals in a geographical area. 
c. Plants and animals in a geographical area.                 d. Plants in the Arctic region.
Ans: 

6. If we combine all the ecosystems present on earth, then it is called 
a. Biome                                 c. Habitat 
b. Biosphere                           d. Ecology
Ans: 

7. All the energy in a food chain originates from 
a. Plants                            c. Sun 
b. Sea                                d. All of these
Ans: 

8. A food web is to show 
a. How feeding relationships are interlinked.         b. How several food chains are connected together. 
c. Who eats what.                                                    d. All the above
Ans: 

9. In the analysis of man-environment relationship pragmatic possibilism implies that [December 2004] a. There is no limit for man to exploit the resources of earth. 
b. There are limited possibilities to explore the Earth's resources. 
c. The man has to watch and assess the situation and then go ahead with resource utilization. 
d. The man has to keep in mind only his basic needs while planning to harness the potential of resourceful earth.
Ans: 

10. Which of the following are included in the biosphere? 
a. Hydrosphere                          c. Atmosphere 
b. Lithosphere                           d. All of these
Ans: 

11. Interlocking of two or more types of food chains at different trophic levels is called 
a. Food chain                     c. Succession 
b. Food web                      d. Ecological pyramid
Ans: 

12. The transfer of food energy through a chain of organisms from one trophic level to another is called a. Energy chain             c. Trophic chain 
b. Food chain                d. Organism chain
Ans: 

13. A keystone species is characterized by its 
a. Disproportionate large impact on ecosystem                  b. Very less impact on ecosystem 
c. No impact at all                                                               d. None of the above
Ans: 

14. A population that is at equilibrium is 
a. Steadily decreasing                                                        b. Steadily increasing 
c. Its number is almost stable over a period of time.         d. Intermixing rapidly with other populations.
Ans: 

15. Which of the following are considered as producers in a food chain? 
a. Autotrophic plants                     b. Herbivores 
c. Carnivores                                 d. Decomposers
Ans: 

16. Which of the following are directly dependent on producers for living? 
a. Carnivores                               c. Scavengers 
b. Decomposers                           d. Herbivores
Ans: 

17. The animals which feed only on other animals are known as 
a. Omnivores                      c. Herbivores 
b. Carnivores                      d. Autotrophs
Ans: 

18. The green plants, which can make their own food with the help of process of photosynthesis are termed as 
a. Herbivores                      c. Autotrophs 
b. Carnivores                      d. None of the above
Ans: 

19. The various levels through which energy passes into an ecosystem are called 
a. Consumers                      c. Trophic levels 
b. Autotrophs                      d. None of the above
Ans: 

20. The transitional area between two ecosystems is termed as 
a. Ecoline                        b. Ecotourism 
c. Ecotone                       d. None of the above
Ans: 

21. Population consists of 
a. Organisms in a species that are capable of reproducing among themselves. 
b. Different species that can interbreed. 
c. Collective members of a species living and interacting across the biosphere. 
d. Some organisms that may not belong to any species.
Ans: 

22. Which of the following is not an abiotic condition? 
a. Water                  c. Temperature 
b. Soil                     d. Bacteria
Ans: 

23. The existence of atmosphere on the earth is due to 
a. The revolution of the earth around the sun.           b. The rotation of the earth. 
c. The gravitational force of the earth.                       d. None of the above
Ans: 

24. Match the following: 
           List-I                                    List-II 
A. Troposphere                        I.Dust particles 
B. Stratosphere.                       II. Ozone layer 
C. Ionosphere.                          III. Meteors 
D. Exosphere.                            IV. Aurora 
Codes: 
a. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV 
c. A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I 
b. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV 
d. None of the above
Ans: 

25. Which of the following is the basis for all food chains? 
a. Consumers                                  c. Decomposers 
b. Producers                                    d. None of the above
Ans: 

26. Total organic matter in an ecosystem is called 
a. Biome                       b. Biotic community 
c. Plants                       d. Biomass
Ans: 

27. Energy pyramid is 
a. Always inverted                       c. Sometimes diagonal 
b. Always horizontal                   d. None of the above
Ans: 

28. As a result of biomagnification, the secondary consumers will be 
a. The most toxic               c. Not toxic at all 
b. The least toxic                d. None of the above
Ans: 

29. Which of the following gases is not harmful as a natural component of the atmosphere? 
a. Carbon dioxide                c. Nitrogen 
b. Hydrogen                         d. Water vapours
Ans: 

30. The two main components of an ecosystem are 
a. Plants and animals                                  b. Biotic and abiotic 
c. Earth and its surroundings.                     d. Macro and microorganisms
Ans: 

31. Cloudy nights are warmer compared to clear nights (without clouds) during winters. This is because [December 2005] 
a. Clouds radiate heat towards the earth. 
b. Clouds prevent cold waves from the sky descending on the earth. 
c. Clouds prevent escaping of heat radiation from the earth. 
d. Clouds being at great heights from earth absorb heat from the sun and send them towards the earth.
Ans: 

32. The urbanization process accounts for the wind in the urban centres during nights to remain [December 2006] 
a. Faster than that in rural areas.                b. Slower than that in rural areas. 
c.The same as that in the rural areas.          d. Cooler than that in rural areas.
Ans: 

33. If population growth follows a logistic curve, then the maximum sustainable yield [June 2008]
a. Is equal to half the carrying capacity.           b. Is equal to the carrying capacity. 
c. Depends on growth rates.                             d. Depends on the initial population.
Ans: 

34. The structure of earth's system consists of the following Match the following: [June 2008] 
      List-I                                List-II 
      (Zone).                    (Chemical character) 
A.Atmosphere.              I. Inert gases 
B. Biosphere.                 II.Salt, fresh water, snowand ice 
C. Hydrosphere.             III. Organic substances 
D. Lithosphere.              IV. Light silicates 
Codes: 
a. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV 
c. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV 
b. A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV 
d. A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
Ans: 

35. Earth is often struck by solar eruptions, which comprise energetic particles that are hurled away from the Sun into space. Which of the following statements reflect the effect on earth? 
1. When these eruptions interact with the magnetic field, they cause beautiful auroras. 
2. They breakdown radio communication and power supplies. 
3. They don't affect life support system on earth. 
Codes: 
a. 1 only 
c. 2 and 3 only 
b. 1 and 2 only 
d. 3 only


36. A temperature inversion is a condition when the air 
a. Near the ground is lighter. 
b. Near the ground is cooler than air at the higher altitudes. 
c. Near the ground is hotter than that at higher altitudes. 
d. None of the above
Ans: 

37. Beginning from the surface of earth, what is the sequence of different layers of atmosphere? 
a. Stratosphere, Troposphere, Ionosphere, Exosphere 
b. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Ionosphere, Exosphere 
c. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Ionosphere 
d. None of the above
Ans: 

38. The most dynamic layer of the atmosphere in terms of climatic and weather conditions is 
a. Troposphere                     c. Stratosphere 
b. Ionosphere                       d. Mesosphere
Ans: 

39. In which of the following layers of the atmosphere, ozone (O3) gas is present? 
a. Stratosphere                     c. Troposphere 
b. Mesosphere                      d. None of the above
Ans: 

40. In which of the following atmospheric layers ionosphere occurs? 
a. Mesosphere            c. Stratosphere 
b. Exosphere              d. Troposphere
Ans: 

41. In an ecotone, the species which become abundant are called  
a. Keystone                      b. Endemic species  
c. Edge species                d. Foster species 
Ans: 

42. Biodiversity is described as 
a. The range of different species in an environment. 
b. The seasonal and daily changes in an environment. 
c. The way species differ from one another. 
d. The influence of physical factors on an environment.
Ans: 

43. How an organism suited to live in a particular place is called? 
a. Competition                         b. Adaptation 
c. Addition                              d. Participation
Ans: 

44.