Types of Research                                                                               

Some common Types of Research are as followers :

1. Basic / pure / Fundamental / Theoritical Research

2. Applied Research

3. Quantitative Research

           i. Description Research

           ii. Experimental Research

                    a. Pre - Exprimental Research

                    b. True -Exprimental Research

                    c. Quasi -Exprimental Research

4. Qualitative Research

           i. Action Research

          ii. Historic Research

5. Comparative Research

6. Exploratory Research

7. Conceptual and Empirical Research

                                                                                                                                      Discoverphds.com

Type of Research

A. According to its purpose

          i. Theoretical / Pure/basic Research

          ii. Applied Research

B. According to your Depth of Scope

          i. Exploratory Research

         ii. Descriptive Research

        iii. Explanatory Research

        iv. Correlational Research

C. According to the type of Data used

            i. Qualitative Research

           ii. Quantitative Research

D. According to the Degree of Manipulation of Variable

           i. Experimental Research

          ii. Non-Experimental Research

         iii. Quasi- Experimental Research

E. According to the type of Inference

             i. Deductive Investigation

            ii. Inductive Research

           iii. Hypothetical - Deductive Investigation

F. According to the Time in which it is carried out

             i. Longitudinal study

            ii. cross-sectional study

G According to the sources of information

              i. Primary Research

             ii. Secondary Research

H. According to How the Data is obtaind

           i. Documentary (cabinet)

          ii. Field

         iii. From Laboratory

iv. Mixed Method : Documentary, Field and Laboratory

                                                                                                                                             Kumar Bharat

Type of Research

A. On the basis at "objectives".

                        i. Exploratory

                       ii. Descriptive

                      iii. Correlational

                     iv. Experimental

                     v. Explanatory

B. On the basis of "outcome" or "classification" or "Application"

                    i. Fundamental / Pure/Basic / Theoretical

                   ii. Applied

                   iii. Action

C. On the basis of 'logic'

                   i. Deductive

                  ii. Inductive

D. On the basis of "Process"

                 i. Quantitative

                ii. Qualitative

E. On the basis of "Inquiry mode"

               i. Structural

              ii. Unstructured

F. On the basis of "idea or concept"

                 i. Conceptual

                ii. Empirical

 1. Basic / Pure / Fundamental / Theoretical Research                      

a. Answer to how, when and what.

b. Advancement of a theory.

c. Expands the knowledge of processes of business and management.

d. Results in universal principles.

e. Pure research serves as the foundation for Applied Research.

f. For example studying crystal structure of some metal or metallic compound just to gain Greater understanding.

g. This Research is scientific.

h. This Research is only concepts.

i. known theorier are tested for new facts.

j. Generalization

k. Basis of other research.

2. Applied Research                                                                              

a. This Research is used to solve a specific problem.

b. Applied Research is move glorified of research

c. Improves the understanding of particular problem.

d. In this research, fundamentals that are found out in pure research are applied to produce some end products. In brief it is an application of theory to find out the practical solution of a problem.

e. Application of concepts.

f. Practical concepts.

g. An example of Applied research in the application of x-rays in medicine. In the last 1800s, Wihelm Rontgen discovered the way to produce x-rays with the help of a cathode ray. He found out that this new ray could go through the body. Realizing this, Rontgen believed that x-rays would be very helpful in diagnosing and determining disease and injury in the body.

i. It is technological application.

j. Action oriented

k. Reasons.

l. Fields like education policy evaluation etc.

m. Real life application of natural science.

n. Social, economic, political trend to use.

o. Synthesis in nature.

 3. Quantitative Research (structural)                                                 

a. Quantitative Research is the systematic investigation of the observable event via statistical, mathematical or computational technique. 

b. It is a research which can be represented or described according to some numerical system. 

c. Experimental and Descriptive Research are the major classification of this research. 

d. Its aim is to classify ; count features construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what has happened. 

e. Data in this type of research is in the form of numbers on statistics. 

f. Researches use tool such as questionnaire or equipment to collect numerical data. 

g. Sample size its small. 

h. It is used to develop hypothesis. 

i. Quantitative Research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. 

j. Quantitative Research collects information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls, questionnaire etc. the results of which can be depicted in the from of numerical. 

k. After careful understanding of these numbers of predict the future of a product or service and make.

 4. Descriptive Research                                                                       

* Descriptive Research is defined as a research method that describe the characteristics of the population or phenomenon that is being studied. The methodology focuses more on the "what" of the research subject rather than the "why" of the research subject.

* example, a brand that wants to understand fashion purchasing trends among New York buyers will conduct a demographic survey of the region, gather population data and then conduct descriptive research on this demographic segment.

* No control over variable

* What is ?

* What happened?

* Statistical in nature

* Describe characteristics or behavior of sample population.

* Observation related

 examples - Case study, Field Survey / Fact findings.

 5. Experimental Research                                                                   

* Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design.

* In includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher and variables, that can be measured, calculated and compared.

Advantages                  (This Research is Deductive approach)

1. Researchers have a stronger hold over variables to obtain desired results.

2. Results are extremely specific.

3. Once the results are analyzed, they can be applied to various other similar aspects.

4. Cause and effect of a hypothesis can be derived so that researchers can be derived so that researchers can analyze greater details.

5. Experimental research can be used in association with other research methods.

Keyword

• It is a systematic and Scientific approach to research in which the research manipulates one on more variables and controls and measures any change in other variables.

• This experimental research method is commonly implemental in physical sciences.

• It is quantitative research

• Manipulates to Independent variables. (Controll)

• Hypothesis testing and Generalizations.

Type of Experimental Research Design

i. Pre-Experimental

ii. True-Experimental

iii. Quasi-Experimental

 6. Pre-experimental Research Design                                                

* This is the simplest form of experimental research design.

* Pre experimental Designs are so named because they follow basic experimental steps but fail to include a control group.

* In other words, a single group is often studies but no comparison between an equivalent non-treatment group is made.

Explan - The one-shot case study.

* In this arrangement, subjects are presented with some type of treatment, such as a semester of college work experience and then the outcome measure is applied, such as college grades.

* Like all experimental designs, the goal is to determine if the treatment had any efect on the outcome. Without a comparison group, it is impossible to determine if the outcome scores are any higher than they would have been without the treatment. And, without any pre test scores. It is impossible to determine if any change within the group itself has taken place.

* No Rondom Sample

* No Control

Type

1. One shot case

2. One group pre-test post Test

3. Static group design.

 7. True - Experimental Research Designs                                          

* True experimental research is the most accurate form of experimental research design as it relies on statistical analysis to prove or disprove a hypothesis.

* It is the one type of experimental design that can establish a cause effect relationship within a groups. In a true experiment, there are three factors which need to be satisfied.

* Control Group and Experimental Group.

* Variable which can be manipulated by the researcher.

* Random distribution

* No social science research

Type

1. Post test only control group.

2. Pre-Test post test control group.

3. Solomon four group design.

 8. Quasi - Experimental Research Design                                          

The word "Quasi" indicates resemblance.

A quasi-experimental research design is similar to experimental research but is not exactly that.

The difference between the two is the random assignment of a control group.

1. The independent variable is manipulated before calculating the dependent variable.

2. Quasi-research is used in field settings where random assignment is either irrelevant or not required.

3. Usually done in social sciences.

* Social Science use this Research.

Pre, true and quasi Experimental Research different only for

1. Control

2. Manipulation

3. Randomization

 9. Qualitative Research (unstructure)                                                

a. This type of Research is found common in social sciences where researchers intend to study social and cultural phenomenon.

b. Unlike quantitative research no numerical measures are incorporated in qualitative research, it uses in depth analysis approach by talking case studies on events to study the situation.

c. It is not involved in investigating and developing hypothesis.

d. Common perception of this research is emphasis on discovery rather than proof.

e. Action research and Historic research are the major example.

f. This research is the in depth understanding of social phenomenon within their natural setup.

g. Methods of data collection includes observation, interview.

i. Sample size is large to allow generalization

1. The aim of qualitative Research is to understand the social reality of individuals groups and cultures as nearly as possible as its participants, feel it or live it.

2. Thus people and groups, are studied in their natural setting.

3. Research seeks to explain "how" and "Why" a particular, phenomenon, or behavior, operates as it does in a particular context.

Qualitative Research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative Research study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.

Descriptive Research

Qualitative Research

 10. Action Research                                                                             

i. Part of applied research.

ii. Immediate action.

iii. Model based approach.

iv. Predefined process.

Example, Education field maths teacher.

1. Plan

2. Act

3. Observe

4. Reflect

 11. Historical Research                                                                       

Historical research is a qualitative technique. Historical research studies the meaning of part event in an attempt to interpret the facts and explain the cause of events, and their effect in the present events.

No manipulation of variables.

Text hypothesis.

* Historical Research two type criticism

1. External (Low level)=> source of Authenticity, Genuine.

2. Internal (High level criticism)=> Accurate,Meaning.

 12. Comparative Research                                                                   

a. This research deals with the comparison of similarities of difference under same or varying condition.

b. For example, study of heath condition of people in nearby village.

 13. Exploratory Research                                                                    

a. This research is conducted for a problem that has not been studied more clearly.

b. It helps to determine best research design, data collection method.

c. Techniques of exploratory research is : review of available literature/data ; discussion with customers, employees, management, competitors ; it-depth interview, focus group case study or pilot studies.

d. Purpose is to define terms, gain background information, to clarify the problem, develop hypothesis and to develop problems to be answeard.

1. When the problem is not clearly known.

2. To explore about the problem more.

3. To increase the undersloding of problem.

4. Intend is not to provide final or conclusive solution to existing.

5. Helps to determine research design, sampling techniques, data collection methods.

6. Used to create hypothesis.

 14. Explanatory Research / Casual Research                                    

Isolation of independent variable and observation of dependent variables.

What will be ?

Cause and effect?

Pattern of relationship b/w variables.

Used to test hypothesis.

Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between to aspects of a situation or phenomenon. This type of research attempts to explain.

For example, why stressful living results in heart attacks; why a decline in mortality its followed by a fertility decline; or how the home environment affects childrens level of academic achievement.

 15. Conceptual and Empirical Research                                            

a. Concept research is methodology where in research is conducted by analysing and observing already present information on a given topic.

b. It is related to abstract concepts or ideas.

c. Philosophers have long used conceptual research to develop new theories or interpret existing theories in a different light.

d. Conceptual research is related to some abstract theory or idea. It is generally used by thinkers and philosophers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.

e. whereas, empirical research relies on experience or involves observation alone, often without system and theory.

f. Basic/Pure research type.

* Empirical Research is defined as any research where conclusions of the study is strictly drawn from concretely empirical evidence and therefore "verifiable" evidence.

* This empirical evidence can be gathered using quantitative market research and qualitative market research methods.

observation=> Induction => Deduction =>Testing=>Evaluation

 16. Analytical Research                                                                       

Involves in-depth study and evaluation of available information in an attempt to explain complex phenomenon.

Analytical Research and Descriptive Research

Descriptive Research -

The attempt to determine, describe, or identify something the intent is often synthesis, which pulls knowledge or information together.

Analytic Research -

The attempt to establish why something occurs or how it come to be. All disciplings generally engage in both.

Descriptive Studies and Analytical Studies different

1. Describe characteristics of group (s)

                  Explain characteristics of group (s)

2. Answer the question 'what'?

                  Answer the question 'why'?

3. Comparison group (s) not required.

                  Require comparison group (s)

4. No hypothesis needed.

                   Hypothesis needed.

 17. Correlational Research                                                                 

*The main emphasis in a correlational study is to discover or establish the existence of a relationship / association / interdependence between two or more aspects of a situation.

* What is the relationship between technology and unemployment.

* It is non-experiment research.

* The correlation between two variables is shown through correlation coefficient, measured between -1 and +1

1. Positive Correlation

A positive correlation between two variable is when as increase in one variable leads to an increase in the other variable and vice versa.

 18 Longitudinal Research                                                                   

Longitudinal research is a type of correlational research that involves looking at variable over an extended period of time.

This type of study can take place over a Period of weeks, months or even years. In some cases, longitudinal studies can last several decodes.

Same sample over different period of time.

 19. Cross-Sectional Research                                                              

It is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time.

Cross - Sectional Research using different groups of people who differ in the variable of internet but share other characteristics, such as socio economic status, educational background.

Different samples over same time.

 20. Ex-Post Facto Research                                                                

The Ex-Post facto research is a kind of research in which the researcher predicts the possible causes behind an effect that has already occurred.

Ex. - Retrospection study, Postmortem.

Characteristics

1. The independent variable (IV) is not manipulated; it has already occurred.

2. Less costly and time-consuming to conduct.

3. Establishing cause-effect relationships is more difficult than in experiments.

4. Researcher has little to no control over independent variable.

5. Flexible by nature.

6. Hypothesis testing and generalization.

Notes : 

Question :