Positivism and Post-positivism approach to Research               

Positivism (only science)                                                                      

Positivism argues for the existence of a true and objective reality that can be studied through applying the methods and principles of natural sciences and scientific inquiry. It maintains that "the object of study is independent of researchers; knowledge is discovered and verified through direct observations or measurements of phenomena; facts are established by taking apart a phenomenon to examine it's component parts."

Only science prove

History

1. Theology => God

2. Metaphisic => Logic

3. Positivism => science

4. Post Pasitivism => Science + Logic

 Post-Positivism (Science + Logic)                                                       

Post-Positivism recognized that the way scientists think and work and the way we think in our everyday life are not distinctly different. Scientific reasoning and common sense reasoning are essentially the some process.

Post-Positivism recognizes that all observation is fallible and has error and that all theory is revisable. Where the positivist believed that the goal of science was to uncover the truth, the port positivism believes that the goal of science is to hold steadily to the goal of getting it right about reality, Even though we can never achieve that goal.

 Positivism and Post- Positivism different                                           

                  Positivism                                                                                 Post - Positivism

           1. Deductive (G-P)                                                                          1. Inductive (P-G)

           2. Quantitative                                                                                 2. Qualitative

           3. Objective                                                                                     3. Subject

           4. Scientific                                                                                     4. Interpretive

           5. Traditional                                                                                   5. New form

           6 Realistic                                                                                       6. Critical realistic.

Deductive VS Inductive

From general universal theories to particular facts. Ex.― Exams

            From examples to theories. Ex. - Newtan's law of gravity.

Quantitative vs Qualitative

Information or data is based on quantities obtained using а quantifiable measurement process. Ex. - stats.

             Refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, symbols and description of things. Ex. - Comments.

Objective vs Subjective

Independent reality that can be grasped.

            Conditioned way of thinking.

Epistemology vs ontology

Study of knowing.

How we come to know or can Know ex. - Percepting of individuals about reality.

              Study of nature of being, existence in reality. ex. - Materialism.

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