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Policies, Governance and Administration
Constitution of India
Major features were borrowed from many constitution of the world
Important Articles of the Indian Constitution
Directive Principal of states Policy
Fundamental Right 
Fundamental Duties 
First of Independent India
Current office holders of India. 2022

                                                                                                                                                                       

        Policies, Governance and Administration       

 

 

 Constitution of India                                                                           


 • Constitution of India is the world's longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world. 

 • Constitution of India contains 448 Articles in 25 parts, 12 Schedules and 101 amendments till date. 

 • The temporary chairman of the first meeting of the constituent assembly held on 9 Decembar 1946 sachchidananda sinha. 

 • The oldest constitution in the world known today is the constitution of united states of America. 

 • The idea of Indian constitution of was given by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar who was the chairman of the draft commission set up by the constituent assembly in 1947 to prepare the draft of the constitution. The draft commission constituted a panel of 7 member's krishnaswarzy  Ayyar - N. Gopalaswamy Ayyanger, Alladi - Mohd Soodallah - N. Madhave Rao (replaced B.L. Mitter), - T.T. Krishnamachari (replaced Dr. D. P. Khaitan after his Death)- K.M. Munshi. 

 • The constitution of India is adopted by the constituent assembly on 26th November, 1949 and the constitution of India come into force on 26th January, 1950. 

 • The cabinet mission to India in 1946 headed by Lourd Pethick Lawrence was aimed to discuss the transfer of power from the British government to the Indian leadership  and granting in independence. 

 • The constitution of India which was framed by the constituent assembly which was set up in 1946. 

 • "Samvidhan Divas " or constitution day is observed every year in India on 26 november to commemorate the adoption of constitution on 26 November 1949. 

 • Supreme court act as guardian of constitution by exercising writs jurisdiction, Appellate jurisdiction and power of judicial review. 

 • Pingali Venkayya designed the present day National Flag and adopted during the constituent assembly meeting on 22 July 1941. 

 • Dr Rajenda Prasad is the president of the constituent Assembly. 

 • The two prominent female leaders who played a key role in the drafting of the contitution of India are Dakshayani Velayudhan and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. 

 • The president of India is called the first citizen of India as per the constitution of India. 

 • The committee on fundamental rights and Minority Rights of the constituent assembly was headed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. 

 • For the first time in India, Indian councils arts 1909 has legitimized the elections of Indians to the various legislative councils in india. 

 • Government of India act, 1935 has given the representation to Indian for the first time in Legislation. 

 • The first session of the constituent assembly was held in the "Constitution Hall - Presently "The central Hall of the Parliament House" in New Delhi on December 9th 1946. 

 • In June 1948 - clement Attlee the prime minister of England in 1948 announced the transfer of power to Indians. 

 • Preamble was called the soul of the Indian constitution by Thakurdas Bhargar. 

 • Preamble to the constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document is proposed by jawaharlal Nehru before the drafting committee of the constitution on 13 December 1946. 

 • Preamble was called the political horoscope of the Indian Constitution by K.M. Munshi. The strength of the constituent assembly at the time of adoption of the constitution of India was 299. 

 • The members of the constituent assembly were elected indirectly by legislatures of  provincial assemblies and nominated by the rulers of the princely states. 

 • The constituent assembly itself be come the parliament of India. 

 • Government of India Act in the last constitution of the British India which lasted till 1947. 

 • The first General Elections of Independent India were held in the year 1952. 

 • Beoher Rammanahar sinha and Nandalal Bose are the one of the prominent artists from shantiniketan who had Hand Written the constitution of India. 

 • The British Monarch and president of India have the same constitutional authority. 

 • The real powers of the state in a parliamentary form of Government lies with the council of ministers headed by the prime minister of the country. 

• It took 2 year 11 Months and 18 days to f inalize the constitution from the date of planning a drafting committee. 

 • The directive principles of state policy. mentioned in the Indian constitution are important principles Government has to keep in mind while formulating a new policy. 

 • The parliament of India is a bicameral legislature with two legislatures : Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. 

 • Seven states in India have bicameral legislatures, they are Andhra Pradesh -  Telangana - Bihar - Jammu - Kashmir -  Karnataka - Maharashtra - Uttar Pradesh The two state legislatures are legislative assembly and legislative council. 

 • The Indian constitution has been best described as the "Lawyer's Paradise" by the British lawyer "Ivor Jennings". 

 • Idea of preamble has been borrowed by the Indian constitution from the constitution  of USA. 

 • The language of preamble has been borrowed  by the Indian constitution from the constitution of Australia. 

 • Government of India Act-1935 which is the last constitution of British India which lasted till 1947. All acts before this act are called as East India Company Acts. 

 • The total members of the constituent  assembly were 385, after Independence the number come down to 299. 

 • The comptroller auditor general of India controls the entire financial system of the union as well as the states though he is appointed by the president, the comptroller and auditor - General can be removed only on an address from both houses of parliament on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity. 

 • Comptroller auditor general is mentioned in the Article 148-151 of the constitution of India. 

 • The original copy of the book of constitution  of India is preserved in a Helium Filled case of the Library of the partiament of India. 

 • The president is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both the houses of parliament and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of states and the union Territories of Delhi and pondicherry. 

 • The vice-president in elected by an electoral college which consists of the members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.  

• The president may also be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment for violating the constitution of India by the parliament of India. The process may start in either of the two houses of the parliament. The house initiates the process by levelling the charges against the president. 

 • The constitution of India was majorly derived from Government of India Act 1935. 

 • It is mentioned in the constitution of India that the vice - president of India can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an absolute majority (more than 50% of total membership) and agreed to by a simple majority (50% of present and voting members) of the Lok Sabha. 

 • The attorney general of India is the first Law officer of the Government of India who gives advice on legal matters and performs other dutiers of a legal character as assigned to him by the president. 

 • Attorney General of India is mentioned in Article 76 of the constitution of India. 

 • The solicitor General of India is below the Attorney General for India, who is the Indian governments chief legal advisor and its primary lawyer in the supreme court of India. The solicitor general of India is appointed for the period of 8 yeard. 

 • The post of solicitor general is not mentioned  in the constitution of India and is merely  statutory. 

 • President is the head of the both the houses in India Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. 

• The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the parliament of India. 

 • The members Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of legislative assembly of respective states. 

 • The Vice-President of India is the ex-offices of chairman of Rayya Sabha.

• The maximum strength of the of Rajya Sabha is limited by the constitution under Article 79 to a maximum of 250 members. 

 • Lok Sabha is the lower house of India's bicameral parliament under Article 79 of the Indian constitution. 

 • Maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 545 (543 elected 42 Nominated from the anglo indian community by the president) 

 • The supreme court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the constitution of India, The highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review mentioned the strength of the supreme court of India is 31 (chief justice of India and 30 judges)  

• The first Rajya Sabha MP to become the prime minister of the country was Indira Gandhi. 

 • Advocate General appointed by the governor of the state is the highest low officer of the state. 

 • The chairman of the union public service commission is appointed by the president of India. 

 • The national capital territory of Delhi is constituted  by the 69th amendment to the constitution of India. 







 Major features were borrowed from many constitution of the           world                                                                                                    


 • Constitution of USA - Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Preamble. 

 • Constitution of Britain - single citizenship,  Bicameral parliamentary procedure. 

• Constitution of Germany - provisions related to suspension of fundamental right of citizens during emergency. 

 • Constitution of Ireland - directive principles of state policy, presidential election procedure. 

 • Constitution of canada - supreme courts advisory jurisdiction, the concept of federal system. 

 • Constitution of Russia - Fundamental duties. 

 • Constitution of South Africa - amendment, of the constitution, Election of members of Rajya Sabha. 

 • Attorney general of India is not sacked/ impeached by the parliament. 

 • During the proclamation of emergency is in operation the term of lok sabha may be extended at a time for a period not exceeding. 

 • 20 members are elected in the lok sabha from the union territories (according to constitutional provision).

 • The minimum age to become a member of lok dabha is 250 years. 

 • The representative from states in Rajya Sabha is elected by the president. 








 Important Articles of the Indian Constitution                                    


 • Article - 1 Name and territory of the union. 

 • Article - 2 Admission and establishment of the new state. 

 • Article - 3 Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries and name of existing states. 

 • Article - 5 Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution. 

 • Article - 6 Rights of citizenship of certain person who have migrated to India from pakistan. 

 • Article - 10 Continuance of rights of citizenship. 

 • Article - 11 Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law. 

 • Article - 12 Definition of the state. 

 • Article - 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. 

 • Article -14 Equality Before Law 

 • Article -15 Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. 

 • Article - 16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. 

 • Article - 17 Abolition of untouchability. 

 • Article - 19 Guarantees to all the 

 • Article - 20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences. 

 • Article - 21 Protection of life and personal liberty 

 • Article - 21a Right to Education 

 • Article - 23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. 

 • Article - 24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories and mines. under age of 14. 

 • Article - 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. 

 • Article - 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs. 

 • Article - 27 Freedom as to pay taxes for promotion of any particular riligion. 

 • Article - 28 Freedom from attending religious instruction. 

 • Article - 29 Protection of Interest of minorities. 

 • Article - 30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. 

 • Article - 32 Remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights. 

 • Article - 44 Uniform Civil code for all citizens. 

 • Article - 48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life. 

 • Article - 50 Seperation of judiciary from executive. 

 • Article - 51 Promotion of international peace and security. 

 • Article - 51 Election of President. 

 • Article - 66 Election of vice president. 

 • Article - 72 Power of president to grant pardons etc. And to suspend, Remit or commute sentences in certain cases. 

 • Article - 74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise the president. 

 • Article - 76 Attorney General of India. 

 • Article - 79 Constitution of Parliament. 

 • Article - 80 Rajya Sabha composition of the council of states. 

 • Article - 81 Loksabha - Composition of house of people. 

 • Article - 124 Establishment and constitution of supreme court of India. 

 • Article - 300a Right to Property 

 • Article - 315 Public Service Commissions for the union and the states. 








 Directive Principal of states Policy                                                     


 • Article - 36 Definition 

 • Article - 37 Application of DPSP (Directive Principal of states policy. 

 • Article - 39 A Equal Justice and free legal aid. 

 • Article - 40 Organization of village panchayat. 

 • Article - 41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases. 

 • Article - 43 Living wagers, etc. for workers. 

 • Article - 43A Participation of workers in management of industries. 

 • Article - 44 Uniform civil code (Applicable in goa only) 

 • Article - 45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children. 

 • Article - 46 Promotion of educational and economic interest of scheduled castes (SC), Scheduled triber (ST) and OBC. 

 • Article - 47 Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. 

 • Article - 48 Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry. 

• Article - 49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of natural importance. 

 • Article - 50 Separation of judiciary from executive 

 • Article - 51 Promotion of international peace and securit.  

• Article - 52 The Presiden of India 

 • Article - 53 Executive Power of the union 

 • Article - 54 Election of President. 

 • Article - 61 Procedure for impeachment of the president, 

 • Article - 63 The vice-president of India. 

 • Article - 64 The vice president to be ex-officio chairman the council of states. 

 • Article - 66 Election of vice president. 

 • Article - 72 Pardoning powers of president. 

 • Article - 74 Council of minister to aid and advice president. 

 • Article - 76 Attorney - General for India. 

 • Article - 79 Constitution of Parliament. 

 • Article - 80 Composition of Rajya Sabha. 

 • Article - 81 Composition of Lok Sabha. 

 • Article - 83 Duration of Houses of Parliament

• Article - 93 The Speakers and Deputy Speakers of the house of the people. 

 • Article - 105 Powers, privileges etc. of the House of Parliament. 

 • Article - 109 Special procedure in respects of money bills. 

 • Article - 110 Definition of "Money Bill". 

 • Article - 112 Annual Financial Budget. 

 • Article - 114 Appropriation Bills. 

 • Article - 123 Powers of the president to promulgate ordinances during recess of parliament. 

 • Article - 124 Establishment of Supreme Court. 

 • Article - 125 Salaries of Judges. 

 • Article - 126 Appointment of ad-hoc justice. 

 • Article - 127 Appointment of ad-hoc justice. 

 • Article - 128 Attendance of retired judge at sitting of the supreme court. 

 • Article - 129 Supreme Court to be count of Record 

 • Article - 130 seat of the Supreme court. 

 • Article - 136 Special leaves for appeal to the supreme court. 

 • Article - 137 Review of judgment or orders by the supreme court. 

 • Article - 141 Decision of the supreme court binding on all the courts. 

 • Article - 148 Comptroller and Auditor General of India 

 • Article - 149 Duties and Powers of CAG. 

 • Article - 153 Governors of state. 

 • Article - 154 Executive Powers of Governor. 

 • Article - 161 Pardoning Powers of the Governor. 

 • Article - 165 Advocate-General of the state. 

 • Article - 213 Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances. 

 • Article - 214 High Courts for states. 

 • Article - 215 High courts to be count of record. 

 • Article - 226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs. 

 • Article - 233 Appointment of District Judges. 

 • Article - 285 control over sub-ordinate courts. 

 • Article - 267 Contingency Fund of India. 

 • Article - 312 All India Service. 

 • Article - 325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex. 

 • Article - 338 National Commission for the SC and ST 

 • Article - 352 Proclamation of emergency. 

 • Article - 356 State Emergency (President's Rule) 

 • Article - 360 Financial Emergency. 

 • Article - 368 Powers of parliaments do amend the constitution. 

 • Article - 370 Special provision of J and K. 


 Fundamental Rights are written in part - III and Article - 12 - 35 of the Indian constitution. 

 Fundamental Duties are written in Part - IV -  A and Article - 51-A of the Indian constetution.








 Fundamental Right                                                                             


 1. Right to freedom 

 2. Right to equality. 

 3. Right against exploitation 

 4. Right to freedom of religion. 

 5. Cultural and educational rights. 








 Fundamental Duties                                                                            


 1. To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Antem. 

 2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom. 

 3. To uphold and protect the sovereigntly, unity and integrity of India. 

 4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. 

 5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. 

6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. 

 7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. 

 8. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. 

 9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence. 

 10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity, so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement. 

 11. Who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child or as the case may be, word between the age of six to fourteen years. 

 12. We the people of India hereby adopt that to make India a safer place to live we had to be clean and make our surrounding clean and not to hurt anybody physically and mentally. 








 First of Independent India                                                                  


 1. President Dr Rayendra Prasad. 

 2. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. 

 3. Education Minister Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad. 

 4. Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. 

 5. Foreign Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. 

 6.. Commerce and Industry Minister-Syama Prasad Mukherjee. 

 7. Finance Minister - Shanmukham chetty 

 8. Health Minister - Amrit Kour. 

 9. Indian Governor General - C. Rajagopalachari. 









 Current office holders of India. 2022                                                 


 1. President of India - Ram Nath Kovind. 

 2. Vice-President of India and chairman of the Rajya Sabha Mappavarapu Venkaiah Naidu. 

 3. Prime Minister of India Narendra Damodardas Modi. 

 4. Chief Justice of India Ranjen Gogoi. 

 5. Speaker of the lok Sobha Sumitra Mahajan 

 6. Chief Election Commissioner - Sunil Arora. 

 7. chairman of union Public Service Commission- Arvind Saxena. 

 8. Comptroller and Auditor General of India Rajiv Mehrishi. 

 9. Attorney General of India - Kotlayan Katankot venugopal.







































Notes : 







































Question : 
1. The modern state is described as 
a. A police state                      c. A laissez faire state 
b. A welfare state                   d. Autocratic state
Ans: 

2. The chief source of political power in India is 
a. The people                              b. The constitution 
c. The Parliament                       d. The Parliament and the state legislatures
Ans: 

3. Which of the following is not an essential element of the state? 
a. Population                  c. Sovereignty 
b. Territory                     d. Democracy
Ans: 

4. Which of the following factors is/are responsible for increase of the role of government in developing countries? [December 2004] 
I Economic planning 
II Rising expectation of people 
III Privatization 
IV Emergence of concept of welfare state 
Select the most appropriate answer from the code given below. 
Codes: 
a. I and IV                   c. Only III 
b. I, II, and IV             d. Only IV
Ans: 

5. The Preamble to the constitution states 'We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic...' By which of the following amendments were the words socialist and secular were added to it? 
a. 42nd Amendment                b. 72nd Amendment 
c. 73rd Amendment                 d. 83rd Amendment
Ans: 

6. In a federal state 
a. States are more powerful than the centre.                 b. Centre is more powerful than the states. 
c. A presidential form of government functions.           d. None of the above
Ans: 

7.  A federal system 
a. Must have a written constitution.                                    b. Must have an unwritten constitution. 
c. May have either written or unwritten constitution.         d. May not have any constitution.
Ans: 

8. The Constituent Assembly (which framed our constitution) was set up in the year 
a. 1942                            c. 1946 
b. 1945                            d. 1947
Ans: 

9. When was the Indian constitution passed by the Constituent Assembly? 
a. 26 November 1949                 c. 26 January 1950 
b. 26 January 1949                     d. None of the above
Ans: 

10. Which of the following personalities was the chairperson of the Drafting Committee of Indian constitution? 
a. Rajendra Prasad                     b. Tej Bahadur Sapru 
c. Rajagopalachari                     d. Dr B. R. Ambedkar
Ans: 

11. The time taken by the constituent assembly to frame the constitution for the country was 
a. 3 years, 2 months and 10 days                   b. 2 years, 11 months and 18 days 
c. 2 years, 10 months and 11 days                 d. None of the above
Ans: 

12. India, that is Bharat, shall be a union of states. The states and the territories, thereof, shall be as specified in the 
a. First Schedule                 b. Second Schedule 
c. Third Schedule                d. None of the above
Ans: 

13. In India, with several characteristics of a federal government, the supremacy lies in the 
a. Constitution                  c. Supreme Court 
b. Parliament                    d. Bureaucracy
Ans: 

14. An interpretation of Indian Constitution is based on the spirit of 
a. Preamble                               b. Directive principles 
c. Fundamental rights               d. None of the above
Ans: 

15. The Constitution of India is divided into 
a. 20 parts                c. 24 parts 
b. 22 parts                d. 42 parts
Ans: 

16. Which of the following has the most profound impact on our constitution? 
a. Government of India Act, 1935               b. Constitution of USA 
c. Constitution of UK                                  d. Constitution of Ireland
Ans: 

17. The Indian Constitution closely follows the constitutional system of 
a. USA                c. Switzerland 
b. UK                  d. Russia
Ans: 

18. The secular character of the Constitution of India denotes that 
a. State has no official religion. 
b. Equal opportunity to everybody to profess, practice and propagate of religion of their choice. 
c. Single citizenship to assured to all people irrespective of their religion. 
d. All the above
Ans: 

19. Directive Principles of State Policy included in the Constitution of India have been inspired by the constitution of 
a. USA                  c. Canada 
b. Ireland             d. Australia
Ans: 

20. Which of the following depicts the true nature of Indian Constitution? 
a. Unitary                                  b. Federal 
c. Parliamentary                       d. Federal in form and unitary in spirit
Ans: 

21. Fundamental duties were incorporated in the Indian Constitution by the 
a. 32nd Amendment                          c. 44th Amendment 
b. 42nd Amendment                          d. 76th Amendment
Ans: 

22. What does the phrase equality before the law used in Article 14 mean? 
a. All individuals are equal. 
b. All laws are the same for everybody. 
c. All individuals are equally subjected to the ordinary law of the land. 
d. Law in equal circumstances should treat everybody equally.
Ans: 

23. Who headed the committee appointed the constitution assembly to finalize the fundamental rights of Indian citizens 
a. Dr B. R. Ambedkar              c. Sardar Patel 
b. Jawaharlal Nehru                 d. All the above
Ans: 

24. What is the number of fundamentals rights as enshrined in our constitution? 
a. Six                      c. Ten 
b. Eight                  d. Twelve
Ans: 

25. Which of the following articles provides for the Fundamental Rights in our constitution? 
a. Articles 13-36,                       c. Articles 15-39 
b. Articles 12-35                        d. None of the above
Ans: 

26. Which of the following articles guarantees Right to freedom of religion? 
a. 12-19                      c. 25-28 
b. 12-14                     d. 21-28
Ans: 

27. Which among the following is not guaranteed by the Constitution of India? 
a. Freedom to own, acquire, and dispose of property anywhere in the country. 
b. Freedom to move freely throughout the country. 
c. Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms. 
d. Freedom to practise any trade or profession.
Ans: 

28. According to Supreme Court verdict, Right to Property is a 
a. Constitutional right                    b. Legal right 
c. Fundamental right                      d. Directive Principles
Ans: 

29. The idea of democratic decentralization in India was popularized by [December 2004] 
a. A. D. Gorwala Committee, 1951               b. Paul H. Appleby Committee, 1953 
c. B. R. Mehta Committee, 1957                   d. Ashok Mehta Committee, 1978
Ans: 

30. Which of the following is not a Fundamental Right? [December 2005] 
a. Right to equality 
b. Right against exploitation 
c. Right to freedom of speech and expression 
d. Right of free compulsory education of all children up to the age of 14
Ans: 

31. Which of the following Fundamental Rights have been deleted from our constitution through an amendment? 
a. Right against exploitation                 b. Right to freedom of religion 
c. Right to property                               d. Freedom of speech and expression
Ans: 

32. The authority to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights rests with 
a. All the courts in India                b. The Parliament 
c. The Supreme Court                    d. The President of India
Ans: 

33. How can Fundamental Rights be protected by a citizen? 
a. By approaching the Supreme Court, who will issue writs against the authority. 
b. Parliament will take note of such violations and tell the courts. 
c. The Executive will inform the courts. 
d. It is automatically protected.
Ans: 

34. Which Fundamental Right is concerned with the abolition of social distinctions? 
a. Right to equality.                             b. Right against exploitation. 
c. Right to life and liberty.                  d. Cultural and educational rights.
Ans: 

35. Fundamental rights can be suspended during 
a. President's rule                        b. National emergency 
c. Financial emergency              d. Can never be suspended
Ans: 

36. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India, a provision has been made in the a. Directive Principles                       b. Preamble to the constitution 
c. Fundamental Duties                       d. Fundamental Rights
Ans: 

37. How do Directive Principles of State Policy differ from Fundamental Rights? 
a. The former are meant for UTS, whereas the latter are for states. 
b. The former are not enforceable, whereas the latter are enforceable. 
c. The former are not a part of the constitution, whereas the latter are the part of the constitution. 
d. None of the above
Ans: 

38. Which of the following instruments may be used by the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights? 
a. A decree                      c. A notification 
b. An ordinance              d. A writ
Ans: 

39. Which of the following writs may be issued to enforce a fundamental right? 
a. Habeas corpus                   c. Prohibition 
b. Mandamus                         d. Certiorari
Ans: 

40. Right to free education within certain limits is 
a. Guaranteed as a fundamental right. 
b. Enshrined in the Directive Principles of State policy. 
c. Outlined in the Preamble of the constitution. 
d. Ignored by constitution.
Ans: 

41. Which of the following article deals with the amendment to our constitution? 
a. 356               c. 370 
b. 368               d. 372
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42. Distributive justice is the common aim of 
a. Articles 44 and 45                    c. Articles 29 and 30 
b. Articles 38 and 39                    d. Articles 45 and 46
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43. Which of the following legislative measure introduced the concept of collective responsibility of the cabinet in India? 
a. Minto-Morley Reforms                   b. Independence Act, 1947 
c. Constitution of India                       d. Government of India Act, 1935
Ans: 

44. In the case of a conflict between the centre and a state in respect of a subject included in Concurrent List 
a. Union law prevails               b. State law prevails 
c. Both may prevail                  d. Decided by the President
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45. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below.         
   List-I.                                                List-II 
(Schedules).                                      (Matters) 
A. First.                    I Territory States and Union Territories 
B. Eighth.                II. Languages 
C. Ninth.                 III Acts passed by Legislature 
D. Tenth.                 IV. Disqualification of MPS/MLAs on defection 
Codes: 
a. A-II, B-I, C-III and D-IV 
b. A-II, B-I, C-IV and D-III 
c. A-I, B-II, C-IV and D-III 
d. A-I, B-II, C-III and D-IV
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46. Legislative Council in a state can be created by the 
a. State Legislative Assembly alone.         b. President on recommendation of the Governor. 
c. Parliament alone                                    d. Parliament on recommendation of the State Legislature.
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47. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below. [June 2010]           List-I.                             List-II        
(Articles).                     (Institutions) 
A Article 280.             I Administrative Tribunals 
B. Article 324.             II. Election Commission 
C. Article 323.              III. Finance Commission 
D. Article 315.             IV. UPSC 
Codes: 
a. A-I, B-II, C-III and D-IV 
b. A-III, B-II, C-I and D-IV 
c. A-II, B-III, C-IV and D-I 
d. A-II, B-IV, C-III and D-I
Ans: 

48.