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Metric Studies in LIS Bibliomatrics,Scientometric,

Webometrics, Altmetrics                                           

 Bibliometrics (1917) 

 Biblio + Metrics = Bibliometries. 

 "Biblio" is originated from Greek and Latin word 'Biblion' which means "Book" or "Paper". 

 "Metrics" is originated from Greek or Latin word "Metricus" or "Metroks" which means "Science of meter" or "to measure". 

 Bibliometrics denote the application of mathematical and statistical methods to book. This is called as quantitative analysis. 

 • The Historical review says that the FJ Cole and Nellie B. Eales presented the f irst recoded study on "Bibliometrics" in 1917 in Science Progress. 

 • E.W. Hulme was the first who use the term "Statistical Bibliography" in 1923. 

 • Allen Pritchard who used the term "Bibliometrics" in 1969. 

 • The terms Scientiometries, was coined by Nalimov and Mulchenko in 1969. It was restricted to the measurement of science communication. 

 • In 1948 S. R. Ranganathan coined the  term "Librametrics" ASLIB conference. 

 • The term "informetrics' was coined by otto Nacke (West Germany). 

 • Other related terms are : Econometrics psychometrics, technometrics, chemometrics etc. 

Definitions of Bibliometrics 

 • According to Potter - 'The study and measurement of publication patterns of all forms of written communication and their authorship. 

 • According to Allan Prichard- "Studies which seek to quantify the process of written communication". 

 • According to Alvin M Schrader -  "Scientific study of recorded discourses" Laws of Bibliometrics. 

 i. Lotha's law (1926) - Author's Productivity  

ii. Brodford's law (1934) - Law of Scattering 

 iii. Zipf's law (1935/1949) - Law of word frequency 

i. Lothairs Law (1926)  

 • Measuring the productivity of sn author based on the number of published articles 

.• Productivity of authors (researcher); how many researchers have written 1,2,3 - articles? 

 • Frequency distribution of scientific productivity. 

 • Lotka's law describes the frequency of publication by authors in a given filed. 

 • ... the number (of authors) making n contributions is about 1/n2 of those. making one; .... and the proportion of all contributors, that make a single contribution, is about 60 percent 

                                                          Xn×Y=C 

 • The total number of authors Y in a given dubject each producing X publication is inversely proportional to some exponential function n of x. 

 • Where :  

X = Number of Publications. 

 Y =no. of authors credited with X publications. 

 n = Constant (equals 2 for scientific subjects) 

 C = Contant, 

 • Inverse square law of scientific productivity. 

 2. Brodford's Law (1934) 

 • Measuring the scattering of articles on subject in various periodicals. 

 • Brodford's law of scattering is often used as a guideline to deformine the number of core journals within a given subject. 

 • Most of the articles on a given subject  have a tendency to be bunched together  in a small number of journals. 

 • The rest tends to scattered over a large number of journals. 

                                                    f(x)=a+b logx 

 3. ZIPF's Law (1935/1949) 

 • Zipf's law is used to predict word frequencies in full text. 

 • The law states that if you (in a relatively large text corpus) : 

 .... list the words occurring within that text in order of decreasing frequency, the rank of a word on that list multiplied by its frequency will equal a Constant. 

                                                           r x f = c 

 where;  

r = rank (in terms of frequency). 

f = frequency (no. of times the given word is used in the text) 

 c = constant for the given text. 

 • For a given text the rank of a word multiplied by the frequency is a constant 

 • Works well for high frequency words, not so well for law - thus a number of modifications. 

 • Bibliometrics is a study or measurement of format aspects of texts, document, books and information. 

 Scientometrics - 1969 

 • In the 1960s, particularly in Eastern Europe, the term "Scientometrics" was used to denote "measurement of  informatics process". 

 • The term informatics was then widely  used to mean "documentation / information  handling activities"; obriously, there is not much difference between bibliometrics of the west and the scientometrics of the East Europe. 

 • The term scientometrics originated as a Russian term for the application of quantitative methods to the history  of science, which studies the quantitative aspects of science. 

 • Scientometrics is concerned with the quantitative features and characteristics of science and scientific, research. Emphasis is placed on investigations in which the development and machanism of science are studied by statistical mathematical methods. 

 Scientometrics is now considered as a part of the sociology. of science and is applied to science policy making. 

 Thus scientometrics involves studies in :  

• Sociology of Science. 

 • History of science. 

 • Growth of literature 

 • Behaviour of Scientists, 

 • Science indicators, etc.

Webometrics 

 The Science of webometries (also cybermetrics) tries to measure the world wide web to get knowledge about the number and types of hyperlinks, structure of the world wide web and usage patterns. 

 According to Bjorneborn and Ingwersen (2004) the definition of webometrics is "the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources structures and technologies on the web drawing on Bibliometrics and informatric approaches". The term webometries was first coined by Almind and Ingwersen. 

 A second definition of webometrics has also been introduced, "the study of web-based content with primarily quantitative methods for social science research goals using techniques that are not specific to one field of study" which emphasizes the development of applied methods for use in the wider social. 

 • Cybermetrics is one of the recently emerged fields in the line of metric studies. It has gained much popularity Since the mid-1990 with the advent of information technology. 

 • As it is mainly concerned with the computer-science-based approaches, it has superseded all other metric studies in this internet Era. 

 • Cybermetries its proposed as a generic term for "The study of the quantitative  aspects of the construction and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the whole internet drawing on bibliometric and informatric approaches".

 • Cybermetrics thus encompasses statistical studies of discussion groups, mailing lists, and other computer-mediated communication on the internet, including the www. 

 Altmetric  

We can define Altmetric, 'Altmetric provide the instant picture of an article or research item when available and accessible altmetire provide the popularity of the research items'. 

 Altmetrics stands for 'alternative metrics'. 

 It is different from the traditional metric like citation count and h-index. 

 The term Altmetric is used formally by Jason Priem in 2010. 

 There are 5 main functions of Altmetric. 

 1. Altmetric provide an early indicator of new published article. 

 2. How a publication perform after publishing. 

 3. Altmetric also provide the social media popularbry through tweets, blogs and online news media. 

 4. Online reference manager. 

 5. Measurement of Traditional metric 

 The researcher point of view Altmetrics score could be applied to research, promotion and tenure extension, funding / grant applications and for ranking newly published articles. 

Altmetric provide the statistical data of your published article how many times downlaod.

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