Web 2.0 and 3.0 - Library 2.0
Web 2.0 and 3.0 - Library 2.0 - Concept, Characteristics, Components, Instant Messaging, RSS Feeds, Podcasts, Vodcasts, Ask a Librarian.
1. Introduction / Concept
"Obama for America wasn't just the most successful online political campaign; it was arguably the most successful web 2.0 deployment to date". In India, the popularity of Anna Hazare'is campaign for Jan Lokpal Bill (people's ombudsman Bill) under India Against corruption movement is another example of success stories of using web 2.0 tools. The Indian general election of 2014 was held to constitute the 16th Lok Sabha, electing members of parliament for all 543 parliamentary constituencies of India in nine phases from April 7 to may 12, 2014. The average election turnout over all nine phases was around 66.38%, the highest ever in the history of Indian general elections. The National Democratic Alliance, led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), won a sweeping victory, taking 336 seats. The BJP itself won 31.0% of all votes and 282 (51.9%) of all seats. It was the congress party's worst defeat in a general election. Besides other factors. BJP achieved this result due to the efforts of 1500 volunteers cyber army's. Their method was simple : campaign themes being expressed at press conferences of senior leaders, as well as Modi's speeches. had to be broken into parts and posted on twitter, facebook, whats app and other social networking sites, as audio-visual posts or simply comments.
The term Web 2.0 is also known as participatory web or social web and it refers to websites that emphasize easy to use and user-generated content. This type of website builds a participatory culture and interoperability i.e. compatible with other products, systems and devices for end users in nature.
The term web 2.0 was invented by Darcy DiNucci in 1999 in the article "Fragmented Future: Design and New Media" and later popularized by Tim o' Reilly Media web 2.0 conference in late 2004 The transition from web 1.0 to Rock. The transition gorence in wate web 2.0 was gradual and therefore, no precise date when this change happened can be found anywhere.
History of Web 2.0 overview
Tim Berners Lee's vision of the world wide web is a tool which created and gathered knowledge through human interaction and collaboration. Web 2.0 is a stage of development in which the web is progressing towards a new goal. Most analyses define web 2.0 in terms of the tools that foster online participation in content creation and social interaction web 2.0 developments organize the information on the web by categorizing a series of applications associated with it; blogging, wikis, networking sites etc. However, what has become clear is that these tools have many similarities and overlapping characteristics, mapping each of them out separately is fairly repetitive and perhaps not that analytically useful.
Begining in 2002, new ideas for sharing and exchanging content adhoc, such as weblogs and RSS, rapidly gained acceptance on the web. This new model for information exchange, primarily featuring DIY (user-edited and generated websites), was coined web 2.0. The web 2.0 boom sace many neal serisice-oriented startup catering to a new, democratized web. Some believe it will be followed by the full realization of a semantic web.
Introduction web 2.0
The concept of "Web 2.0" began with a conference brainstorming session between O'Reilly and Media live international. Dale Dougherty, web pioneer and O'Reilly VP, noted that far from having "crashed", the web was more important than ever, with exciting new applications and sites popping up with surprising regularity. What's more, the companies that had survived the collapse seemed to have some things in common. Could it be that the dot com collapse marked some kind of truming point for the web, such that a call to action such as "web 2.0" might make sense? They agreed that it did, and so the web 2.0 conference was bom. The phrase "web 2.0° became popular after the first O' Reilly Media web 2.0 conference held in 2004.
There's still a huge amount of disagreement about just what web 2.0 means, with some people decrying it as a meaningless marketing buzzword, and others accepting it as the new conventional wisdom.
Web 2.0 provides many more opportunities for reading and writing. It follows that online learning communities would naturally transform to use a similar approach.
Tim O'Reilly has given a meme map trying to define web 2.0 in a very systematic way. He defined the following three core points
1. Strategic positioning
2. User positioning
3. Core competencies
What is web 2.0
Over the past three years there has been an increasing interest in the new generation of web-based technologies, tools and services under the labels web 2.0 and social softarare or social media (Bryant, 2007) Web 2.0 tools are internet based services. The phrase 'web 2.0" became popular after the first O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference in 2004 and provides now more than 76 million hits in Google. The fourth web 2.0 summit that took place in san Francisco, California, in November 2008 highlighted the importance of these developments. However, there is "Still a huge amount of disagreement about just what web 2.0 means, with some people, decrying it as a meaningless marketing buzzword and other accepting it as the new conventional wisdom" (O'Reilly, 2005).
Examples of Web 2.0
However, web 2.0 is not restricted to these tools and services. Some of the popular examples of web 2.0 include :
* You Tube - which allows members to upload videos for everybody to see and vote on their popularity; in 2005.
* Social networking site, such as Facebook, Orkut, Linkedin and Myspace, with hundreds of millions of users which allow subscribers to create web spaces where they can share their thoughts, music, videos and pictures;
* Flickr's photo collecting, tagging and distribution services;
* Sites like del.icio.us that allow users to bookmark favorite sites and share those bookmarks with others;
* Free audacity software for recording and editing sounds that allow users to record talk and music, which, when combined with RSS, becomes podcasting; and
* Tools such as cite ulike allow scholars to share their personal bookmarks (Downes, 2005).
However, the above are just some examples: These types of sites have become incredibly popular;
Reding (2006) notes that blogs have doubled every five months for the last two years; social networking web site usage is multiplying years on year; over the past three years peer to peer has become the largest source of traffic on the internet and FON, the wifi sharing network, has become the largest wi-fi network in the world in just one year (www.fon.com/en/info/whatsFon). The rapid evolution of web 2.0 applications offers rich user experience where the process of knowing is a community-based, collaborative endeavor (Alexander 2006).
Need and Importance of web 2.0
"Web 2.0" describes the changing trends in the use of world wide web technology and web design that aim to enhance creativity, communications, secure information sharing, collaboration and functionality of the web. Web 2.0 concepts have led to the development and evolution of the culture communities and hosted services, such as social networking sites, video sharing sites, wikis, blogs, and folksonomies. All the technology are essential for today's advance society and it is also important to good web environment.
Defination
Following are some important defination given by different authors -
1. The term 'Web 2.0' was coined by technology commentator Tim O'Reilly who tried to define it as follows : " Web 2.0 is the network as platform, spanning all connected devices; web 2.0 application are those that make the most of the intrinsic advantages of that platform : delivering software as a continually-updated service that gets better the more people use it, consuming and remixing data from multiple sources, including individual users, while providing their own data and services in a form that allows remixing by others, creating network effects through an "architecture of participation" and going beyond the page metaphor of web 1.0 to deliver rich user experiences" (O'Reilly, 2005)
2. " Web 2.0 is about making the internet useful for computers" – Jest Bezos.
3. "Distributed technologies built to integrate that collectively transform mass participation into valuable emergent outcomes" - Ross Dawson, Future Exploration Network.
4. "A collection of technologies - be it VoIP, Digital Media, XML, RSS, Google Maps . . . whatever... that leverage the power of always on, high speed connection and treat broadband as a platform, and not just a pipe to connect."-om Malik.
5. "An emerging network centric platform to support distributed collaborative and cumulative creation by its users." - John Hagel.
6. "Onging transition of the world wide web from a collection of websites to a full-fledged computing platform serving web applications to end users" - Pedia
Web 2.0 may also be defined as the innovative use of the world wide web to expand social and business outreach to and exploit collective intelligence from the community.
Features of Web 2.0
Web 2.0 has the following major features -
i. Search
The ease of finding information through keyword search which makes the platform valuable.
ii. Links
Guides to important pieces of information. The best pages are the most frequently linked to.
iii. Authoring
The ability to create constantly updating content over a platform the is shifted from being the creation of a few to being the constantly updated, interlinked work. In wikis, the content is iterative in the sense that the people undo and redo each other's work. In blogs, content is cumulative in that posts and comments of individuals are accumulated over time.
iv. Tags
"Categorization of content by creating tags that are simple, one-word descriptions to facilitate searching and avoid rigid, pre-made categories.
v. Extensions
Automation of some of the work and pattern matching by using algorithms e.g. amazon.com recommendation.
vi. Signals
The use of RSS ( Really Simple Syndication ) technology to notify users with any changes of the contant by sending e-mail to them.
Web 2.0 characteristics
The following web 2.0 characteristics, take the common technologies together and describe well what is new about them.
i. Participation Every aspect of web 2.0 is driven by participation. The transition to web 2.0 was enabled by the emergence of platforms such as blogging, social networks, and free image and video uploading, that collectively allowed extremely easy content creation and sharing by anyone. Participatory architecture is an architecture where user can add or edit value to the application according to their requirement. Contrary to the traditional web which was somewhat one sided, with a flow of content from the provider to viewer, web 2.0 allows the users to actively participate online.
ii. Standards Standards provide an essential platform for web 2.0 common interfaces for accessing content and applications are the glue that allows integration across the many elements of the emergent web.
iii. Decentralization Web 2.0 is decentralized in its architecture, participation and usage. Power and flexibility emerges from distributing applications and content over many computers and systems, rather than maintaining them on centralized systems. It is about communication and facilitating community.
iv. Openness The world of web 2.0 has only become possible through a spirit of openness whereby developers and companies provide open, transparent access to their applications and content.
v. Modularity Web 2.0 is the antithesis of the monolithic. It emerges from many, many components or modules that are designed to link and integrate with others, together building a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. Users are able to pick and choose from a set of interoperating components in order to build something that meets their needs.
vi. User Control A primary direction of web 2.0 is for users to control the content they create, the data captured about their web activities, and their identity. This powerful trend is driven by the clear desires of participants.
vii. Identity Identity is a critical element of both web 2.0 and the future direction of the internet. We can increasingly choose to represent our identities however we please, across interactions, virtual worlds, and social networks. We can also own and verify our real identities in transactions if we choose.
Characteristics of web 2.0 Technologies [LIS Link]
Web 2.0 sites are differ from web 2.0 sites in its openness, Providing freedom to the users and its dependency on collective intelligence rather than the intelligence of the owner of the website. Again, in a web 2.0 site the line between the creation and consumption of content was blurred as users able to create the content in these site as much as they consume it. All the web 2.0 technologies have certain characteristics in common and they are
a. Dynamic
Web 2.0 sites are dynamic website i.e. they displays various content types every time it is browsed and is presponsive to user input i.e. a user can click on an image to enlarge it.
b. Interactive in Nature
In Web 1.0 era websites were limited to viewing content in a passive manner by the user whereas in the Web 2.0, it is all about a dialogue with the creators of information in a virtual setup. A web 2.0 site tend to interact much more with the end user and make the end user an integral part of the website, either by adding his or her profile, adding comments on content, uploading new content, or adding user-generated content e.g. personal photos.
c. User Participate or Contribute
Web 2.0 offers almost all users the same freedom to contribute and so the information flows two ways between the site owner and site users by means of commenting, evaluation and review. Instead of merely reading a web 2.0 site, a user is invited to contribute to the site's content by commenting on published articles, writing some text, uploading a photo, video or creating a user account on profile on the site. Web 2.0 sites provide users with information storage, creation and dissemination capabilities that were not possible in the enviroment know as web 1.0
d. Collaborative in Nature
These sites may have an architecture of participation that encourages users to add value to the application as they use it i.e. users can provide the data and exercise some control over what they see or share on a web 2.0 site and the site on content is depend on collective intelligence rather that the intelligence of the author or owner.
e. Software as a Service (SaaS)
Web. 2.0 sites developed application programming interface (API) to allow automated usage, such as by a web app (Software application) or a mashup.
f. Mass Participation in content creation
In a web 2.0 site a wider variety of users participate in comparison to web 1.0 site.
g. Rich Web Application (RWA)
In a web 2.0 site, users can experience many of the characteristics of desktop application software i.e. rich from a graphical point of view or a usability interactivity or features paint of view.
h. Web-oriented Architecture (WOR)
A web 2.0 site exposes their functionality so that other applications can leverage and integrate the functionality providing a set of much richer applications. Examples are atom, RSS feeds, web services, mashups.
Web 2.0 services and applications / Technologies
The social web consists of a number of online tools and platforms where people share their perspectives, opinions, throughts and experiences. There are a number of web based services and applications that demonstrate the foundations of the web 2.0 concept, and they are already being used to a certain extent in education. There are not really technologies as such, but services or user process built using the building blocks of the technologies and open standards that underpin the internet and the web. These include :
i. Blogs
The term web-log or blogs was coined by Jorn Brger in 1997. A "Blog" short for weblog, is a powerful two way web based communication tool. It is a simple web page consisting of brief paragraphs of opinion, information, ideas, personal diary entries, suggestions, and comments usually arranged chronologically with the most recent first. A blogs entry might contain text, images, or links to other blogs and web pages as well as to other media related to its topic. Most blogs are primarily textual, but some focus on photographs (Photo blog on photolog), video (video blog or vlog), or audio (podcasts). A blog written from a mobile device such as a pocket PC, mobile phone, or PDA is called an mblog, and real time blogging is known as live blogging. A blog can be private (internal to an organization) or public (open to anyone). Two great resources for finding other blogging librarians and library related blogs are peter scott's library weblogs page and the dmoz.org category for LIS weblogs. Libraries are using blogs for a variety of purposes :
• Some provide up to date information on local events, fulfilling their role as a news and information source for their community.
• Others provide library news (both local and national), advocating for the importance of library support.
• Skill others are using blogs to provide announcements of new library acquisitions, promoting the services that they work so hard to provide.
Blogs are perfect for this kind of information dissemination as the system of date entries makes it easy for views to identify new content. Because of the case of updating, weblogs make an ideal (and affordable) solution not only for public announcements, but for in house transmissions as well (Singh and Kaur, 2008 and Naik, 2008).
2. Wikis
The term wiki is derived from the Hawaiian word wiki wiki, which means fast or quick. That first wiki was created by word cunningham in 1995. The user generated online encyclopedia called wikipedia is a wiki. A wiki is a server-based collaborative tool that allows any authorized user to edit web pages and create new ones using nothing more than a web browser and a text entry form on a webpages. Wiki free writers the burden of mastering HTML editing and file transfer before they can publish on the web. Instead, wikis using very simple text-based markup to format page text and graphic content. While the ideas of letting anyone change anything they want may seem radical on naive, most wiki engines have features to let community members monitor changes, control user-edit permissions if necessary, restore previous versions of pages, and delete unwanted pages.
Wikis make it possible for people to collaborate in a web environment by creating, organizing and maintaining a web site of automatically linked pages. Large successful wikis usually have some type of constitution of philosophy that establishes goals and provide guideline for individuals who want to participate in the group. A growing number of libraries related wikis, including those mentioned here, provide key collaborative resources for libraries and librarianship. Increasingly, people can anticipate using and contributing to wikis as part of ongoing professional involvement. Wikis can be effective tool's within libraries, either in the traditional open editing mode (with some safeguards against, spam) or in more restricted installations. Wikis can increase patron involvement with libraries, but they can also be used as staff-only resources to help staff collaborate on common issues. Examples include collaborative subject guides, reference wikis, focused resource guides, community wikis and even wiki based front ends to online catalogs, making user-generated reviews and comments trivially easy (singh and Kaur, 2008; Khatoon, 2008). But lack of knowledge throughout the world didn't adopt wiki technologies of web 2.0 in any one national library.
3. RSS Feeds (Really Simple Syndication)
RSS is a family of web feed formats used for syndicating content from blogs on web pages. RSS uses and XML that summarizes information items and links to the information sources and it informs users of updates to blogs or websites, which are of interest to the users, popular web browsers have built in feed readers or aggregators, and can easily add feeds to a web pages.
• Create an RSS feed for new additions to the online catalog.
• Create an RSS feed tied to a library card account to hold notifications and or overdue materials.
• Create an RSS feed for new program and events posted on the library website.
• Create an RSS feed for the library's electronic newsletter.
• Create an RSS feed for press releases and other media advisories.
• Create an RSS feed for library closings, including emergency closings.
• Create an RSS feed for library job openings.
• Creat an RSS feed for collection development.
• Creat an RSS feed for service feedback (Khatoon, 2008).
4. Mashups (eample-zillow)
Mashups are web applications that combine date from more than one source into a single integrated tool. They are aggregation of content from different online sources to create a new service. The methods of sourcing content for mashups include web feeds (RSS on Atoms), and screen scraping. Many people are experimenting with mashups using Amazon, eBay, Flickr, Google, Microsoft, yahoo and youtube. APIs, which has led to the creation of the mashup editor. Library 2.0 is a mashup. It is a hybrid of technologies that are evolved from web 2.0. compressing all of the applications mentioned above. The latest developments in web technology have allowed the libraries to identify and remember their users online. Web 2.0 has promised for the library and the librarian a new shift to an era of more online interaction and social activity between the library and its users. Moreover, web 2.0 will provide a rich addition to library electronic content and this will add new functions to the library and new experiences. (Sudhier, 2008). For example the use of data from Google maps to add location information to real estate data, thereby create a new and distinct web service that was not originally provided by either source? Examples of the library mashups Google maps to add library locations, Library address, and photos of the library etc. these are all the data available on one site that is called mashups.
5. Folksonomies (Tagging)
The jargon "Folksonomies" is a recently coined one. It is a blend of two words "Folk" and "Taxonomy". It stands for the conceptual tags, assigned by the people. In a system which allows for floksonomy, users are free to add their own tags to an information object to facilitate them to retrieve it on a later date. People can categorize their resources as per their will and wish. There are no predetermined categories. Most attractive part of a folksonomy is that it is simple for the end user to use.
It is essentially enabling users to create subject headings for the object at hand. It allows users to add and change not only content (data), but also content describing content (metadata). Ex. In Flickr, users tag pictures. In library Thing (blog), they tag books. The user responds to the system, the system to the user. This tagged catalog is an open catalog, a customized, user-centered catalog, Examples Delicious, Bookmarking etc. (Singh and Kaur, 2008) The term was coined by Thomas Vander wal in 2004.
6. Social Networking
Social networks are built upon a hypothesis that exists a determinable networking structure of how people know each other. A social network thus can be formalized into a net structure comprising nodes and edges. Nodes represent individuals on organizations. Edges connecting nodes are called ties, which represent the relationship between the individuals and organizations. The social network sites offer a free and easy way to create personal web pages and fill them with content such as blogs, digital photographs favorite music, short video clips and much more.
usage of social networking in libraries :
• Libraries can create a page to reach to new students.
• Built network among the interested group in discussing the common interest.
• Circulating, information about the university and its services.
• Providing the content information of similar interest groups.
• Maintaining the database of the different interest group of the institute.
• User Content can be added to the library catalogue, including user's book reviews or other comments (Ravi, 2008)
Some of the more popular social network websites include My Speace (http:// wali/myspace.com), Facebook (http://facebook.com), Linkdin (http://linkedin.com), Freindster (http:// Friendster.com), LibraryThing (http:// librarything.com), Printerest.com and VK is a library social network site and a place for members to register the books they have read, will read, or in the process of reading. It promotes social interactions, book recommendations, self-classifications, monitoring of new books. (Sudhiest, 2008)
7. Podcasts
(A Podcast is a collection or series of digital audio files are made available for downloading or listening via the internet. Ex. Radio program)
A Podcasting is a series of digital media f iles which are distributed over the internet using syndication feeds for playback on portable media players and computers. The term podcasts, like broadcast can refer either to the series of content itself or to the method by which it is syndicated; the latter is also called podcasting. The uses of podcasts in library are:
• Podcasts of promotional recoding about the library's services and programs.
• Recording of book reviews for all ages.
• Speeches by visiting authors.
• Children's story times, and book club promotions.
• Podcasts highlight of new resources.
• Audio training sessions on leased databases.
• Podcasts tour by the librarian about the usage of library.
• Podcasts tours about library services (Sudhier, 2008).
* Adam Curry and Dave winer 2004 Invention.
* Podcasts previously known as "audioblogs".
8. Instant Messaging
Instant message or IM is a form of real time communication between two or more people based on typed text. The text is conveyed via computer connected over a network such as the internet. Instant message has become increasingly popular due to its quick response time, its ease of use, and possibility of multitasking. It is estimated that there are several millions of instant messaging users who use intant messaging for various purposes, simple requests and responses, scheduling face to face meeting or just to check the availability of colleagues and friends (sudhier 2008).
Use of instant messaging in lituries are :
• Providing virtual reference service.
• Integrating vendors answers to queries.
• Provide Instant message about library related news.
• Provide the new arrivals based on the subject interest.
9. You Tube (vodcasts) (Steve chen, chad Hurley and Jawed Karim)
Founded in February 2005, by early commerce pioneers of PayPal, youtube is a consumer media company for people to watch and share original videos worldwide through a web experience. Prior to youtube, there was no easy way for individuals to share a video. In libraries, they upload the video conferences, lectures using this youtube.
Web 2.0 is more than anything else a new way for searchers to actually use the web in a collaborative, interactive way. The term 2.0 doesn't mean that we are "out with the old and in with the new"; quite the contrary! It's just a new perspective on how we use the web is used for much, much more than just searches.
Web 3.0
Web 3.0 is a phrase penned by John Markkoff of the New York Times in 2006. It refers to a supposed third generation of internet based services that collectively comprise what might be called "the intelligent web", for instance, those using semantic web, micro formats, natural language search, data mining, machine learning, cloud computing and artificial technologies which put stress on machine -facilitated understanding of information with a view to providing a more productive and intuitive user experience. It is no wonder that Nova spivack defines web 3.0 as the third decade of the web (2010-2020)
Wed 3.0 Features:
* Convergence of the virtual and physical world-Metaverse.
* Access to information anywhere, any time.
* It is mainly driven by the heavy use of smart phones and cloud applications.
* It is a web development layer that includes TV quality open video, 3D simulations, augmented reality, human constructed semantic standardis and pervasive broad-band, wireless and sensors.
Library 3.0
It is a model for a modernized from of library services that reflects a transition within the library world in the way services are delivered to users. It refers to libraries using technologies such as the semantic web, cloud computing, mobile devices and re-envisioning our use of established technologies such as federated search to facilitate user generated content and collaboration to promote and make library collections accessible. With library 3.0 library services are frequently updated and evaluated to meet the emerging needs of library users.
The end result of library 3.0 is the expansion of the "borderless library" where collections can be made readily available to library users regardless of their physical location Library 3.0 is a virtual complement to physical library spaces and ideally will work seamlessly within established library services and collections.
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