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Standards for Bibliographic Information                 Interchange and communication - ISO 2709.         Z39.50, Z39.71                                                         

  What are standards                                                                             

 • Standard, is a technical document designed  to be used as a rule guideline or definition  it is a consensus-built, repeatable way of doing something. 

 • A standard ins an agreed way of doing something. It could be about making a product, managing a process, delivering a service or supplying materials - standards can cover a huge range of activities undertaken by organizations and used by their customers. 

  How does ISO develop standards                                                       

 • An ISO standard is developed by a panel of experts within a technical committee.

 • Once the need for a standard has been established these experts meet to discuss  and negotiate a draft standard. 

 • As soon as a draft has been developed it is shared with ISO's members who are asked to comment and vote on it. 

 • If a consensus is reached the draft becomes an ISO standard, if not it goes back to the technical committee for further edits. 

 What is standard Organization                                                           

 • A standard organization, standard body, standards developing organization (SDO), or standards setting organization (SSO) is an organization whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting or otherwise producing technical standards that are intended to address the needs of some relatively wide base of affected adopters. 

 • Standards organization can be classified by their role position and the extent of their influence on the local, national, regional and global standardization area. 

  Standardization Process                                                                     

 A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long proccess that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Here are some abbreviations  used for marking a standard with its status :  

 • PWl - Preliminary Work Item. 

 • NP or NWlP - New Proposal/ New Work Item Proposal (e.g. ISO/IEC/NP 23007) 

 • AWI - Approved new work Item (e.g. ISO/IEC AWI 1544414) 

 • WD - Working Draft (e.g. ISO/IEC WD 27032) 

 • CD - Committee Draft (e.g. ISO/IEC CD 23000-5) 

 • FCD - Final Committee Draft (e.g. ISO/IEC FCD 2300-12) 

 • DIS - Draft International Standard (e.g. ISO/IFC DIS 14297) 

 • FDIS - Find Draft international Standard (e.g. ISO/IEC FDIS 27003) 

 • PRF - Proof of a new international standard (e.g. ISO/IEC PRE 18018) 

 • IS - International standard (e.g. ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007) 

  Major Purpose of Standardization                                                     

 • To permit exchange of bibliographic records betareen groups of libraries and abstraching and indexing service.

 • To permit a bibliographic agency to manipulate bibliographic records received from both libraries and abstracting and indexing services. 

 •To serve as the basis of format for an agency's own bibliographic database by providing a list of useful data elements. To assist the development of individual system. 

  ISO 2709 (1947, Geneva)                                                                   

 Introduction 

 • ISO is International organization for standardization. 

 • ISO 2709 is an international format for information interchange. 

 • It is the world's largest developer, and publisher of international standards. 

 • ISO gives world class specifications for products, services and systems, to ensure quality, safety and efficiency. 

 • International standards make things works. They are instrumental in facilitating international trade. 

  History and development of ISO   

 • 1946. delegates from 25 countries met in London and decided to create a new international organization of which the object would be "to facilitate the international  coordination and unification of industrial standards". The new organization,  ISO officially began operations on 23 February 1947 in Geneva, Switzerland. 

  ISO 2709  

 • It is an international formal for information interchange. 

 • It was developed for the exchange of bibliographic record on magnetic tapes. 

 • The records describe all forms of material capable of bibliographic description as well as other type of records. 

 • Describes a generalized structure, a frame work designed specially for communications between data processing system. 

Bibliographic format and data.

 •They are the formats which are used to describe the arrangement on structure of computer readable record of bibliographic data. 

 • Bibliographical data commonly contain. 

 • Fields : Different fields of bibliographic data are title, name of author, subject, edition, publication data, physical description of the book, notes, standard Numbers (ISBN ISSN etc.).

 History and Development 

 • ISO was first created as ANSI/NISO standard  Z39.2, one of the first standard for information technology, and called information interchange format.

• Developed by Henriette Avram in late 1960s. 

 • First version was published in 1973. 

 • Revised and second edition was published in 1981. 

 • Latest version is ISO 2709: 2008 

 Objectives of ISO 2709 

 • To permit the exchange of bibliographic  records between groups of libraries and abstracting and indexing services. 

 •To permit a bibliographic agency to manipulate bibliographic records received from both libraries and abstracting and indexing services. 

 • To serve as the basis of a format for an agency's own bibliographic database by providing a list of useful data elements. To assist the development of individual systems. 

 Structure of Bibliographic Record 

 The general structure of a bibliographic record consists of four major part :  

Record label 

 Directory 

 Data fields 

 Record separator 

 Basic Structure 

 A. Record label : The first 24 characters of the record. This is the only portion of the record that is fixed in length. The record label includes the recond. It also has data elements that indicate how many character are used for indicators and subfield identifiers (set variable fields, below). 

 B. Directory : The directory provides the entry positions to the fields in the record, along with the field tags. A directory entry has four parts and cannot exceed nine characters in length. 

 C. Data fields (variable fields) : A string containing all field and subfield, data in the record. 

 Record Separator : a single character (IS3 of ISO 646) • Note that although tags are often displayed as labels on bibliographic fields and each bibliographic field has an associated tag, the tags are stored in the directory not in the bibliographic field. 

A. Record label 

 • Contains data that identify to the system, the type of record contains necessary for the processing of the record such as the total number characters length in the record and the length of various element of record. 

 • 24 characters fixed length field to every record. 

 • Contains various subunits and each have values according to the record. 

 B. Directory (Total 14 character) 

 • Contains 'content designator' for each data f ield followed by an indication of the position in the record where the data relating to that field start and the length of the field. 

 • If a field is repeated, it has two entries in the directory one for each appearance. 

 • Each directory entry corresponds to on occurrence of a data field in the record, and is divided into five parts. 

 Tag : A three character code identifying the data field which corresponds to the directory entry.(three characters) 

 Length of Data field : A four digit number showing how many characters are occupied  the data field, including indicators and data field separators but excluding the record separators code if the data field in the last field in the recond (4 character). 

 Staring Character Position : A five digit number giving the position of the first  character of data field relative to the  base address of data i.e. the first character of the first of the data field. 

 Segment Identifier : A single character (chosen from 0-9 and or A-Z) which designates the datafield as being a member of particular segment (one character). 

 Occurrence Identifier : A single character (chosen from 0-9 and A-Z) which differentiates multiple occurrencent of the data f ields that carry the same within the same record segmeet. 

 C. Data Field : A variable length portion of the particular category of data associated with one entry in the Directory. A data field may contain one or more sub field. 

 The last components are the form and content of the data elements, varies according to the "Cataloguing Rules" used as well as according to the way the different data element prescribed by the rules and divided up and separately identified by the format. 

 Content designator 

 • Represented in most bibliographic formats by 

 Tags 

Indicatars 

 Subfield Codes

 • Different agencies have theirs own content designators. 

 • It is possible to convert the content designators automatically in order to convert data from one  format to another.

  Z39.50                                                                                                  

Z39.50 is computer-to-computer communication protocat designed to support searching and retrieval of information - full text documents, bibliographic data, images, multimedia in a distributed network environment (William E. Moen 1995). 

 A Protocol 

 • A protocol is a formal set of rulers used for communication between computer devices. 

 • The designation (Z39.50) was assigned by NISO in 1988. All NISO standards start with Z39 and this was their 50th. 

 • The latest edition in 239.50-1995 (version 3) Z39.50 enables multiple diverse database to be searched from the same interface. 

 Designed support searching and retrieval.

 • This protocol allows a patron to use a computer program (a client) to submit an information request to multiple computer database servers without having to know how to search on each of the different databases. 

 • The client can then compile the results from the various servers and present them to the patron. 

 Z39.50 Model of Information Retrival picture  

picture

• Z39.50 is on international standard. protocal used by networked computer system. for information retrival. 

 • It enabler information seekers to search different system on a network or the internet through the use of a single user interface. 

 • It is a international standard protocol for computer to computer information retrieval. 

 • It is a application layer, communications protocol for searching and retrieving information from a database over a ITCP/IP computer, Network. 

 • It is covered by ANSI/ NISO standard Z39.50 and ISO Standard Z39.50 

 • To use Z39.50, you will need either special software or have an LIS with Z39.50 capabilities. 

 • 239.50 acts like a "back door" into a library catalogue. 

 • In order to download another library's records, that library has to allow Z39.50 access to its catalogue. If it does though there is no fee to pay the library providing the record. 

 • Z39.50 grew out of the linked systems project (LSP), on initiative in the 1980s to standardize searching of the major bibliographic databases of OCLC, the library of congress, the washington library network, and the research libraries information Network of the research libraries group. 

 • The protocol developed from the LSP moved to NISO (National information standards organization of the US). 

• Z39.50 Information retrieval standard approved as a NISO standard in 1988. 

 • A group called the Z39.50. Implementors Group (ZIG) is the maintence agency. 

 • ZIG developed     version-2-(1992)                              

                                version -3-(1995)                               

                                version-4-(2003) 

 Implications For the libraries 

 • OPACS • Cataloguing. 

 • Union Catalogues. 

 • Inter library Loan. 

 • CD-ROM Access. 

 • SDI 

 •  Web-searching and Filtering.

 NISO standards 

 Z39.2-1994 (R2001)                        Information Interchang format  

Z39-7-1995                                       Library statistics. 

 Z39.9-1992 (R2001)                        International standard Serial Numbering. 

 Z39.76-1996                                    Data Elements for Binding library Materials. 

 Z39.78-2000                                    Library Binding 

 Z39-82-2001                                   Title pages for conference publication 

Z39-84-2000                                    syntax for the DOI 

Z39.85-2001                                    Dublin core metadata element.

                                                                     Notes                                                                

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