Natural hazards and disasters : Mitigation                                               strategies                                

Mitigation                                                                                              

Action taken to prevent or reduce the risk to life, property, social and economic activities and natural resources from natural hazards is central to the Decode initiative. Awareness, education preparedness and prediction and warning systems can reduce the disruptive impacts of a natural disaster on communities. Mitigation measures such as adoption of zoning, land-use practices, and building codes are needed, however, to prevent or reduce actual domage from hazards.

Mitigation measures for natural hazard mitigation measures are actions that eliminate оr reduce risks from future disaster events, including :

Physical construction projects such as replacing a highly vulnerable facility with a new facility or retrofitting an existing facility.

Evacuation planning to minimize casualties in future disaster events.

Earthquake Mitigation Measures                                                        

Common earthquake mitigation measures include:

Structural mitigation measures to improve the capacity of a building to resist seismic forces.

Nonstructural mitigation measures to restrain, brace, anchor or other wise improve the seismic resistance of nonstructural building components.

Nonstructural mitigation measures to restrain, brace or anchor bulding contents, especially tall and / or heavy items that pose life safety risks if they fall.

Replacement of an existing building with substantial seismic deficiencies with a new current code building.

Replacement with a new building оп а different site may be appropriate if an existing site is also subject to other natural hazards, such as tsunamis of floods, or to significat anthropogenic hazards such as being near a major hazmat site.

Design and construction of a new facility to higher than the minimum seismic standards required by building codes, expecially for facilities that may serve as emergency shelters. Practicing drop, hold and cover drills, which may reduce injuries from falling objects.

Tsunami Mitigation                                                                              

Measures Tsunami mitigation focused predominantly on life safety, with reducing damage being as secondary priority, if considered at all. The primary tsunami mitigation measure are :

Developing and practicing evacuation plans. This is an essential, Urgent priority for facilities within mapped tsunami inundation zones and strongly recommended for facilities near mapped tsunami inundation zones or simply near the coast at low elevations.

Replacement of an existing facility with a new facility located well outside the tsunami inundation zone, at an elevation of at least 50 feet and an elevation of 100 feet or more, if possible.

Construction of vertical evacuation structures such as platforms or engineered berms in close proximity to an at-risk facility.

Designation of existing multistory buildings as vertical evacuation sites. Existing multistory buildings are suitable for tsunami evacuation if and only if they have been rigorously evaluated by qualified, experienced engineers and found to have all of the following characteristics with a high confidence level :

Have accessible floors or roofs at an elevation well above the anticipated tsunami inundation level. Ideally, at least 50 feet above sea level. 0 Have immediate access for the public on a 24/7/365 basis.

Have adequate structural capacity to withsland the tsunami forcer with out significant structural damage.

If an existing building doesn't meet all of the above criteria, one alternative is to retrofit the building to meet there criteria. It is also possible to construct new multistory facilities suitable for vertical evacuation.

* It is a not hydro meteorological natural hazards.

* It is a geophysical natural hazards.

* It is a harboor wave.

 Volcanic hazards                                                                                  

Mitigation measures, the principal volcanic hazard is lahars (volcanic debris flows), although some campuses are within possible la bhabteral blast zones. Volcanic hazards mitigation measures are focused predominantly on life safely, with reducing damage being rarely, if ever, considered. However, dealing with valcanic ash falls is more in the domain of emergency planning.

The primary volcanic hazards mitigation measures are :

Developing and practicing evacuation plans. This is an essential high priority for facilities with in mapped lahar zones and other volcanic hazard zones and strongly recommended for facilities near mapped hazard zones.

For facilities with lateral blast zones, evacuation is impossible once a blast occurs. Therefore, evacuations must be pro-active.

Constructing new facilities well outside of laher hazard zones.

Replacement of an existing facility with a new facility located well outside the laher inundation zone.

Construction of a pedestrian bridge to expedite evacuation in locations where access to the nearest suitable evacuation location is precluded by a river without a bridge.

 Flood Mitigation Measures                                                                 

In most situations, the primary objective of flood mitigation measures is to reduce the potential for future damages and others economic losses. Life safety risk is minimal for most flood situations, because there is typically more than adequate time to evacuate a campur before flooding occurs.

However, for locations subject to flash flooding, evacuation planning is a high priority.

Most of the mitigation measures outlined below apply to individual building although flood barriers may also apply to an entire compus.

Common flood mitigation measures include :

Replacement of an existing building with a new building well outside of the flood hazard area.

Elevation of a an existing building is a very common mitigation measure for residential buildings and for small commercial buildings.

Relocation of an existing building to a new site is a much less common mitigation measure than elevation

Flood barriers such as flood walls or berms may be conducted to protect an entire campus or single buildings.

Flooding of an existing building by water proofing existing exterior walls and adding removable flood gater for door openings is possible for building where the wells have adequate strength to resist hydrostatic forces from floods and anticipated flood depths are not more than several feet.

Relocation of an exiting building to a new site is a much less common mitigation measure than elevation.

Elevating at-grade outside utility infrastructure or key in building infrastructure such as furnaces and electrical panels.

Moving expensive equipment or other expensive contents to an upper story.

For campuses subject to flash flooding developing and practicing an evacuating plan is a high priority mitigation measure.

Constructing new facilities well outside of flood hazard areas.

Wildland /urban Interface five Mitigation Measures                         

Mitigation measures for wild land/urban fires typically - focus primarily on evacuations for life safely. However, there are also physical mitigation measure to reduce the risk of damage to buildings. Common mitigation measures for wild land / urban interface fires include.

Developing and practicing evacuation plan.

Vegetation management and fuel reduction measures for high vegetative fuel load areas near developed areas.

Maintaining defensibly space around buildings to minimize the potential of a vegetation fine spreading to structures.

Implementing five resistant construation details for buildings, such as nonflammable roof coverings, nonflammable exterior walls, screening ventilation openings to prevent embers from entering and many others.

siting new facilities in locations with lower risk of wild land/ urban interface fires.

 Land Slide Mitigation Measures                                                         

Possible mitigation measures for landslide include:

Slope stabilization by dewatering and other methods.

Protecting at-risk buildings by building berms or other structures to stop or deflect shallow land slides such as debris flows.

Constructing new facilities outside of land slide hazard areas.

For very high risk locations, where a building is located very close to a deeply incised stream with eroding banks or is located at the base of a very steep, very unstable slope, the only viable mitigation measure may be to abandon the existing building and locate a replacement outside of landslide hazard areas.

Evacuation when landslide risk appears imminent such as evidence of downslope movements above a building on a rapidly eroding steep slope is approaching a building.

 Environment Protection Act 1986

An Act to provide for the protection and improvement of environment and for matters connected there with us.

WHEREAS the decisions were taken at the united Nation Conference on the Human Environment held at stockholm in June, 1972 in which India participated, to improvement of human environment.

AND WHEREAS it is considered necessary further to implement the decisions aforesaid in so far as they relate to the protection and improvement of environment and the prevention of hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants and property.

BE it enacted by parliament in the thirty seventh year of the Republic of India as followers:

Chapter-1

1. Short Title, Extend and Commencement

i. This Act may be called the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

ii. It extends to the whole of India.

iii. It shall came into force on such date as the central Government may be notification in the official Gazette, appoint and different dotes may be appointed for different provisions of this Act and for different areas.

2.DEFINATIONS

In this Act, unless the context other wise required -

a. "environment" includes water, air and land and the inter relationship which exits amang and between water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro- organism and properly.

b. "envisionment Pollutant"means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be, or tend to be, injurious to envisionment.

c. "environment Pollution" means the presence in the environment of any environmental pollutant.

d. "Handling" in relation to any substance, means the manufacture, processing, treatment. package, storage, transportation, use, collection destruction, conversion, offering for sale, transfer or the like of such substance.

e. "Hazardous Substance" means any substance on preparation which, by reason of its chemical or physicochemical properties or handling, is liable to cause harm to human beings, other living creature, plant, micro-organism, property or the environment.

f. "Occupier" in relation to any factory or premises, means a person who has, control over the affairs of the factory or the premises and includes in relation to any substance, the person in possession of the substance;

g. "Prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act.

Chapter -II

General Powers of the central Government

3. Power of Central Government to take measures to Protect and Improve Environment.

           1.Subject to the provisions of this Act. the Central Government, shall have the power to take all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the environment and preventing controlling and abating environmental pollution.

          2. In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1), Such measures may include measures with respect to all or any of the following matters namely : -

                          i. Co-ordination of actions by the state government, officers and other authorities. . . .

                                    a. Under this Act or the rules made thereunder, or

                                    b. Under any other law for the time being in force which is relatable to the objects of thir Act.

4. Appointment of officers and their Powers and Functions

                1. Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (3) of section 3, the central Government may appoint officers with such designation as it thinks fit for the purposes of this Act and may entrust to them such of the powers and functions under this Act as it may deem fit.

              2. The officers appointed under sub-section (1) shall be subject to the general control and and direction of the central Government or if so directed by that Government, also of the authorities, if any, constituted under sub-section (3) of section 3 or of any other authority or officer.

5. Power to Give Directions

Not wish landing anything contained in any other law but subject to the provisions of this Act, the central Government may, in the exercise of its powers and performance of its functions under this act. issue directions in writing to any person, officer or any authority and such person, officer or authority shall be bound to comply with sub directions.

6. Rules of Regulate Environment Pollution

           1. The central Government may, by notification in the officer Gazette, make rules in repect of all or any of the matters referred to in section-3

          2. In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely :

                 a. The standards of quality of air, water or soil for various are as and purposes;

                b. The maximum allowable limits of concentration of various environmental pollutants (including Noise) for different areas;

               c. The procedures and Safeguards for the handling of hazardous substances.

              d. The prohibition and restrictions on the handling of hazardous in different areas;

              e. The prohibition and restriction on the location of industries and the carrying on process and operations in different areas;

              f. The procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which may cause environmental pollution and for providing for remedial measures for such accidents.

Chapter - III

Prevention Contral and abatement of Environment Pollution.

7. Persons carrying on industry operation etc. Not to allow emission or discharge of environmental pollutants in excess of the standards.

8. Persons handling hazardous substances to comply with procedural safeguards.

9. Furnishing of information to Authorities and agencies in certain cases.

10. Powers of entry and inspection.

11. Powers to take sample and procedure to be followed in connection therewith.

12. Environment Laboratories.

13. Government Analysis.

14. Reports of Government analysis.

15. Penalty for contravention of the provisions of the act and the rules, orders and directions.

16. Offences by companies.

17. Offences by government Deportments.

18. Protection of Action taken in good faith

19. Cognizance of offences.

No court shall take cognizance of any offence under this Act except on a complaint made by-

               a. The central Government or any authority or officer authorised in this behalf by that Government,

               b. Any person who has given notice of not less than sixty days, in the manner prescribed, of the alleged offence and of this intention to make a complaint, to the central Government or the authority or officer authorised as aforesaid.

20. Information, Reports or Returns.

21. Members, officers and employees of the authority constituted under section 3 to be public servants.

22. Bar of jurisdiction.

23. Effect of other rules.

24. Power to make rules.

The Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.

25. Rules Made under this act to be laid before parliament.

Every rute mode under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before each house of parliament, while it is in session for a total period of thirty day which maybe comprised is one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both houses agree in making any modification in the rute or both houses agree that the rute should not be made, the rule shall there after have effect only in such modified from or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice, to the validity of anything previously done under that rule.

 National Action plan on climate change (NAPCC)                           

India released it's much-awaited National Action plan on climate change (NAPCC) to mitigate and adapt to climate change on 30 June, 2008 almost a year after it was announced.

The action plan out lines a number of steps to simultaneously advance India development and climate related objectives.

The National Action plan on climate change (NAPCC) encompasses a range of measures. It focuses on eight missions, which are as follows.

1. National Solar Mission

The NAPCC aims to promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other uses, with the ultimate objective of making solar competitive with fossil-based energy options. It also include the establishment of a solar research centre, increased invernational collaboration on technology development, strengthening of domestic manufacturing, capacity and increased government funding and international support.

2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

The NAPCC recommends mandating specific energy consumption decreases in large energy consuming industries, with a system for companies to trade energy - saving certificates, financing for public private partnerships to reduce energy comsumption through demand side management programs in the municipal, buildings, and agricultural sectors and energy incentives, including reduced taxes on energy-efficient appliances.

3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

The NAPCC also amis at promoting energy efficiency as a core component of urban planning by extending the existing energy conservation building code, strengthening the enforcement of automotive fuel economy standards, and using pricing measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles and incentives for the use of public transportation. The NAPCC also emphasizes on waste management and recycling.

4. National water Mission

The NAPCC sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing and other measures to deal with water scarcity as a result of climate change.

5. National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem

This Particular mission sets the goal to prevent melting of the Himalayan glaciers and to protect biodiversity in the Himalayan region.

6. Green India Mission

The NAPCC also amis at afforestation of 6 million hectareas of degraded forcist land and expanding forest cover frome 23 to 33% of India's territory.

7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

To gain a better understanding of climate science, impacts and challengs, the plan envisions a new climate science research fund improved climate modeling, and increased international collaboration. It also encourages private sector initiatives to develop adaptation and mitigation technologies through venture capital funds.

The NAPCC also describes other ongoing initiatives that are as follows: -

1. Power generation

2. Renewable energy

3. Energy efficiency

4. Proposals for health sector

5. Implementation -  Ministries with load responsibility - for each of the mission are directed to develop objectives, implementation strategies time lines, and monitoring and evaluation criteria to be submitted to the prime minister's council on climate change. The council will also be responsible for periodically reviewing and reporting on each mission progress.

 International agreements / efforts - Montreal Protocal                     

198 member states, Establishment 1987, (Phase-out of chlorinated compounds)

The Montral Protocal is an international environmental agreement with universal ratification to protect the earth to ozone layer by eliminating use of ozone depleting substances (ODS), which would otherwise allow increased UV radiation to reach the earth, resulting in higher incidence of skin cancers and eye cataracts, more compromised immune systems and negative effects on watersheds, agricultural lands and forests.

Since its adoption in 1987 and as of end 2014, it has successfully eliminated over 98 percent of controlled ODS, helping reverse the damage to the ozone layer. A very significant co-benefait is that it has - during period 1989-2013 reduced cumulative co2 emissions by 135 billion tones.

Important challenges remain. The transition from CFCs (high ozone depleting potential or OBP) to intermediate HCFCs (with lower ODP) has been completed and the final transition is to alternatives that have zero ODP. The challenge is to develop/select alternatives (mainly in refrigeration, air conditioning and foam products) that are also climate-friendly.

The montreal protocol on substances that the deplete the ozone layer (a protocol to the vienna convention for the protection of the ozone layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.

It was agreed on 16 september 1987 and entered into force on 16 september 1989.. following a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. Since then, it has undergone eight revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) and 2016 (Kigali).

As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering.

Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070. Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international co-operation, will Kofi Annan quoted as saying that "Perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol.

Key points of montreal protocol

The Montreal protocol is signed by 197 countries the first treaty in the history of the United Nations to achieve universal ratification and is considered by many the most successfull environmental global action.

The treaty was originally signed in 1987 and substantially amended in 1990 and 1992

The montreal protocol an substances that deplete the ozone layer aimed to ban the global production and use of ozone damaging chemicals including CFCs, HCFCs and halon.

It was designed to stop the production and import of ozone depleting substances and reduce their concentration in the atmosphere to help protect the earth's ozone layer.

 Rio Summit. 1992                                                                                

From 3-14 June 1992, Rio de Janeis hasted the United Nation Conference on Entarionment and Development (UNCED). The focus of this conference was the state of the global environment and the relationship between economics. Science and the environment in a political context. The conference concluded with the "Earth Summit", at which leaders of 105 nations gathered to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable development.

The United Nation Conference on Environment and development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, the Rio Summit was a major united Nations Conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.

Earth summit was created as a response for member states to co-op-rate together internationally on development issues after the cold war.

Due to conflict relating to sustainability being too big for individual member states to handle, Earth summit was held as a platform for other member states to collaborate. Since the creation, many others in the field of sustainability show a similar development to the issuse discussed in these conferences including non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

In 2012 the united Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was also held in Rio, and is also commonly called Rio+20 or Rio Earth Summit 2012. It was held from 13 to 22 June. The issues addressed included. 

Systematic scrutiny of patterns of production - particularly the production of toxic components such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals.

Alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which delegates linked to global climate change. 

New reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions. Congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and smoke. The growing usage and limited supply of water.

An important achievement of the summit was an agreement on the climate change convention which in turn led to the kyoto protocal and the Paius Agreement. Another agreement was to "not to carry out any activities on the lands of indigenous peoples that would be culturally inappropriate.

The convention on Biological Diversity was opened for signature at the Earth Summit and made a start towards redefinition of measure that did not inherently encourage destruction of natural ecoregions and so-called uneconomic growth.

Five separate agreements were made at the Rio Earth Summit. These included -

1. The convention on Biological Diversity.

2. The Framwork convention climate change.

3. Principles of Forest Management.

4. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development; and

5. Agenda 21 (a "blueprint"for sustainable development)

 Kyoto Protocol 1997                                                                            

(Clean Development Mechanism)

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change, which commits its parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.

Recognizing the developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more then 150 years of industrial activity, the protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities".

The kyoto protocol was adopted in Kyoto Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 Feb 2005. The detailed rules for the implementation of the protocol were adopted at cop 7 Marrakesh, Morocco in 2001, and are referred to as the "Marrakesh Accords" Its first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.

The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to reduce the onset of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to "a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate System" (A Article 2). The Kyoto Protocol applies to the six greenhouse gases listed in Annex A : Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N20), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCP), Perfluorocarbons (PFCA) and Sulphurhexafluoride (SF6)

The Kyoto machanisms under the protocol, countries must meet their target primarily through national measures. However, the protocol also offers them an additional means to meet their target by way of three market-based mechanisms.

The Kyoto mechanisms are :

International Emissions Trading Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Joint implementation (JI).

The mechanisms help to stimulate green investment and help parties meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way.

 Paris Agreement                                                                                  

Updated every 5 years (Nationally Determined Contribution)

The Paris Agreement (Record de Paris) is an agreement within the United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC), dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance, ratified in the year 2016. The agreement's language was negotiated by representatives of 196 state parties at the 21st conference of the Partiers of the UNFCCC in Le Bourget, near Paris, France and adapted by consensus on 12 Dec 2015.

As of March 2019, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the agreement, and 185 have become party to it.

The Paris Agreement's long term goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to fell below 2°c above preindustrials levels; and to limit the increase to 15°c Since this would substantially reduce the risks and effects of climate change.

Under the Paris Agreement, each country. must determine, plan and regularly report on the contribution that it undertakers to mitigate global warming. No mechanism forces a country to set a specific target by a specific date, but each target should go beyond previously set targets.

The aim of the agreement is to decrease global warming described in its Article 2, "enhancing the implementation" of the UNFCCC trough :

a. Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well before 2'c above pre- industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1:5° c above pre-industrial levels, recognising that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.

b. Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and faster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emission development in a manner that does not threaten food production :

c. Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.

d. This strategy involved energy and climate policy including the so called 20/20/20 targets, namely reduction of green house gas emissions (by 20%), the increase of RES share (to 20%) and the increase of energy efficiency, thus, saving up to 20% in the energy consumption."

Countries further more aim to reach "global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible". The agreement has been described as an incentive for and driver of fossil, fuel divestment.

The paris deal is the world's first comprehensive climate agreement.

• Long term temperature goa (Article-2)

• Global peaking and climate neutrality (Article-4)

• Mitigation (article-4)

• Sinks and reservoirs (Article-5)

• Voluntary cooperation / Market and non-Market based approaches (article-6)

• Adaptation (Article-7)

• Loss and damage (Article-8)

• Finance, technology and capacity building support (Article - 9,10,11)

• Climate change education, training, public participation and public access to information (Article-12)

• Transparency (article-13), implementation and compliance (Article-15)

• Global stocktake (Article-14)

• India's (INDC) initiated Nationally determine contribution updated every 5 years.

GDP-2005-33 to 38% → 2030.

2.5 Trilion Dolar.

 Internation Solar Alliance                                                                   

The internation Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of more than 122 countries initated by India, most of them being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn. now extended to all member of UN.

The primary objective of the alliance is to work for efficient exploitation of solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

The initiative was first proposed by Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in a speech in November 2015 at wembley stadium, in which he referred to sunshine countries as "Suryupatra" (sons of the sun)

The alliance is a treaty based inter governmental organization.

Countries that do not fall within the tropics can join the alliance and enjoy all benefits as other members, with the exception of voling rights.

The initiative was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the India Africa Summit, and a meeting of member countries ahead of the 2015 united nations climate change conference in paris in November 2015.

The framework agreement of the international solar alliance opened for signatures in Marrakech, Morocco in Nov. 2016 and 122 countries have joined.

It is headquartered in India.

In January 2016, Narendra Modi and the then French President francois Hollande jointly laid the foundation stone of the ISA Headquarters and inaugurated the interim secretariat at the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) in Gwal pahari, Gurugram, India).

The Indian government has dedicated five acres of land on the NISE compass for its future Headquarter's it also the contributed 1.15 billion (us $24 million) to the fund to build a campas and for meeting expenditures for the first five years.

The alliance is also called International Agency for Solar policy and Application (IASPA).

The focus is on solar power utilization. The launching of such on alliance in paris also sends a strong signal to the global communities about the sincerity of developing nations towards their concern about climate change and to switch to a low-carbon growth path. India has pledged a target of installing 100 GW by 2022 and reduction in emission intensity by 33-35% by 2030 to let solar energy reach to the most unconnected villages and communities and also towards creating a clean planet.

India's pledge to the Paris Summit offered to bring 40 % of its electricity generation capacity (not actual production) from non-fossil sources (renewable,, large hydro and nuclear) by 2030, it is based on world co-operation.

At the world Future Energy Summit (WFES) held in Abu Dhabi in January 2018, the government of India announced the establishment of a $ 350 million solar development fund to enable financing of solar projects.

Notes : 

Question  :